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flying senses

  • 1 качества лётчика

    Aviation: flying senses

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > качества лётчика

  • 2 чувство (ощущение)


    feel, sense
    - скорости (личное качество летчика) — speed sense
    - управления — feel of controls
    органы чувств (наиболее) необходимые при выполнении полета — flying senses

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > чувство (ощущение)

  • 3 perder

    v.
    1 to lose (dinero, objeto, amigo).
    Ella pierde She loses.
    Ella pierde su cartera She loses her purse.
    Ella perdió la oportunidad She lost the opportunity.
    no te pelees con él, que llevas las de perder don't get into a fight with him, you're bound to lose
    3 to waste.
    no hay tiempo que perder there's no time to lose
    4 to miss (tren, vuelo).
    Ella perdió el bus She missed the bus.
    5 to be the ruin of.
    le pierde su pasión por el juego his passion for gambling is ruining him
    6 to lose, to leak (tener un escape de) (agua).
    ese camión va perdiendo aceite this lorry is losing o leaking oil
    7 to go downhill.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ ENTENDER], like link=entender entender
    1 (gen) to lose
    2 (malgastar, desperdiciar) to waste
    3 (tren etc) to miss
    4 (ser causa de daños) to be the ruin of
    1 (gen) to lose; (salir perdiendo) to lose out
    2 (empeorar) to get worse
    ■ esta ciudad ha perdido mucho, ya no es lo que era this city has gone downhill, it isn't what it used to be
    1 (extraviarse - persona) to get lost; (- animal) to go missing
    2 (confundirse) to get confused, get mixed up
    3 (desaparecer) to disappear, take off
    ■ en cuanto ve problemas, se pierde as soon as there's a problem, he disappears
    4 (dejar escapar) to miss
    ■ ¡no te lo pierdas! don't miss it!
    \
    echar a perder to spoil
    perder agua to leak
    perder color to fade
    perder de vista to lose sight of
    perderse por algo/alguien familiar to give up everything for somebody/something
    salir perdiendo to come off worse, lose out
    tener buen perder to be a good loser
    tener mal perder to be a bad loser
    ¡piérdete! familiar get lost!
    * * *
    verb
    2) miss
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ objeto, dinero, peso] to lose

    • perder algo de vista — to lose sight of sth

    conviene no perder de vista que... — we mustn't forget that..., we mustn't lose sight of the fact that...

    2) [+ tiempo] to waste

    ¡me estás haciendo perder el tiempo! — you're wasting my time!

    3) [+ aire, aceite] to leak

    el vehículo pierde aceite — the car is leaking oil, the car has an oil leak

    4) (=no coger) [+ tren, avión] to miss; [+ oportunidad] to miss, lose
    5) (=destruir) to ruin

    ese vicio le perderá — that vice will ruin him, that vice will be his ruin

    lo que le pierde es... — where he comes unstuck is...

    6) (Jur) to lose, forfeit
    2. VI
    1) [en competición, disputa] to lose

    • tienen o llevan todas las de perder — they look certain to lose

    • saber perder — to be a good loser

    • salir perdiendo, salí perdiendo en el negocio — I lost out on the deal

    2) (=empeorar)

    era un buen cantante, pero ha perdido mucho — he was a good singer, but he's gone downhill

    era muy guapo, pero ha perdido bastante — he isn't nearly as good-looking as he used to be

    3) [tela] to fade
    4)

    • echar a perder — [+ comida, sorpresa] to ruin, spoil; [+ oportunidad] to waste

    • echarse a perder — [comida] to go off; [sorpresa] to be ruined, be spoiled

    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( extraviar) <llaves/documento/guante> to lose
    b) <señal/imagen/contacto> to lose
    3)
    a) <dinero/propiedad/cosecha> to lose

    con preguntar no se pierde nada — we've/you've nothing to lose by asking, there's no harm in asking

    más se perdió en la guerra — (fr hecha) it's not the end of the world

    b) <derecho/trabajo> to lose
    c) <brazo/sangre/vista> to lose

    perder la vida — to lose one's life, to perish; cabeza, vista II, III

    d) <hijo/marido> to lose
    4)
    a) <interés/entusiasmo/paciencia> to lose

    llegas tarde, para no perder la costumbre — (iró) you're late, just for a change (iro)

    perder la práctica/la costumbre — to get out of practice/the habit

    perder el conocimiento — to lose consciousness, to pass out

    b) <fuerza/intensidad/calor/altura> to lose

    perder el ritmo — (Mús) to lose the beat; ( en trabajo) to get out of the rhythm

    c) <peso/kilos> to lose
    5)
    a) <autobús/tren/avión> to miss
    b) <ocasión/oportunidad> to miss
    c) < tiempo> to waste
    6)
    a) <guerra/pleito/partido> to lose
    b) <curso/año> to fail; < examen> (Ur) to fail
    7) <agua/aceite/aire> to lose
    2.
    perder vi
    1) ( ser derrotado) to lose
    2)
    a) cafetera/tanque to leak
    b) (RPl) color ( aclararse) to fade
    3)

    echar(se) a perder — ver echar I 1) a), echarse I 1) a)

    3.
    perderse v pron
    1)
    a) ( extraviarse) persona/objeto to get lost; (+ me/te/le etc)

    ¿y a tí que se te ha perdido por allí? — whatever possessed you to go there

    no hay por dónde perderse — (Chi fam) there's no question about it

    b) ( desaparecer) to disappear
    c) (en tema, conversación)

    empieza otra vez, ya me perdí — start again, you've lost me already

    2) <fiesta/película/espectáculo> to miss
    a) ( acabar mal) to get into trouble, lose one's way (liter)
    b) (Per fam) ( prostituirse) to go on the streets (colloq)
    * * *
    = lose, misplace, forfeit, mislay, lose out, miss, suffer + loss.
    Ex. One of the hardest tasks of a curator is to make a precis of the information about a particular object without losing any essential information.
    Ex. This article discusses the common abuses of circulation privileges by a few faculty members: removing books from the library without checking them out; misplacing books after they have been checked out; and failing to return books when needed by others = Este artículo analiza los abusos comunes de los privilegios de préstamo por parte de unos pocos profesores: coger libros de la biblioteca sin sacarlos en préstamo, perder libros tras haberlos sacados en préstamo y no dever libros cuando otros los necesitan.
    Ex. In addition, it enables the library to respond to the needs of the new popular culture without forfeiting its traditional cultural purpose.
    Ex. Workflow systems automate business processes, such as the management of a housing benefit claim, to ensure all tasks are completed on time and no information can be lost or mislaid.
    Ex. Libraries, in the crush to pay journal invoices, are losing out, as other services as well as staffing and pay all end up unfunded = Las bibliotecas, ante la presión de tener que pagar las facturas de las revistas, salen perdiendo ya que otros servicios así como el personal y los salarios terminanan todos con insuficientes fondos.
    Ex. Thus the browser may miss valuable items, although some browsers will find browsing a perfectly adequate method of gauging the extent of a library collection.
    Ex. They played their third game of the season today and suffered another loss but the team continues to improve.
    ----
    * echar a perder = ruin, bungle, bring out + the worst in, cast + a blight on, blight, go off.
    * echarlo todo a perder = upset + the applecart.
    * echar + Posesivo + planes a perder = upset + Posesivo + plans.
    * ganar cuando todo parece estar perdido = victory from the jaws of defeat.
    * hacer perder el conocimiento = knock + Nombre + out, knock + Nombre + unconscious.
    * hacer perder el entusiasmo = dampen + Posesivo + enthusiasm.
    * hacer perder el sentido a = make + nonsense of.
    * hacer perder la agilidad física = stale.
    * hacer perder la agilidad mental = stale.
    * hacer perder las esperanzas = dampen + Posesivo + hopes.
    * hacer que Alguien pierda el empleo = put + Nombre + out of work.
    * hacer que pierda el interés = take + the shine off things.
    * llevar todas las de perder = odds + be stacked against, not have a leg to stand on.
    * lo que se gana por un lado se pierde por otro = swings and roundabouts.
    * lo que se pierda en una cosa se gana en la otra = what you lose on the swings you gain on the roundabouts.
    * ni ganar ni perder = break + even.
    * no perder de vista = keep + an eye on, keep + a beady eye on, keep in + sight.
    * no perder el ánimo = keep + Posesivo + chin up.
    * no perder el control = stay on top of, stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.
    * no perder el trabajo = stay in + work.
    * no perder la cabeza = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.
    * no perder la calma = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.
    * no perderse = keep on + the right track.
    * no perderse en/por = find + Posesivo + way round/through.
    * no perderse mucho = be no great loss.
    * no perderse nada = be no great loss.
    * no tener nada que perder = have + nothing to lose.
    * perder agua = lose + water, leak.
    * perder Algo = take + Nombre + out of + Posesivo + hands.
    * perder confianza = lose + confidence (in).
    * perder contacto con la realidad = lose + touch with reality.
    * perder control = lose + control (of).
    * perder credibilidad = destroy + credence.
    * perder de vista = lose from + sight, drop from + sight, lose + sight of.
    * perder de vista el hecho de que = lose + sight of the fact that.
    * perder eficacia = lose + clout.
    * perder el alma = lose + Posesivo + soul.
    * perder el ánimo = lose + heart.
    * perder el apetito = lose + Posesivo + appetite.
    * perder el atractivo = lose + Posesivo + allure, lose + Posesivo + savour.
    * perder el color = fade.
    * perder el conocimiento = lose + Posesivo + senses, pass out, lose + Posesivo + consciousness.
    * perder el contacto con = lose + touch with.
    * perder el control = slip beyond + the grasp of, lose + Posesivo + grip, run + amok, sweep + Nombre + off + Posesivo + feet, go to + pieces, go + wild.
    * perder el control de Algo = get out of + hand.
    * perder el control de la situación = things + get out of hand.
    * perder el culo = go into + raptures.
    * perder el encanto = lose + Posesivo + allure, lose + Posesivo + savour, lose + Posesivo + shine.
    * perder el entusiasmo = lose + heart.
    * perder el equilibrio = lose + Posesivo + balance.
    * perder el favor de = lose + popularity with.
    * perder el hábito = lose + the habit.
    * perder el hilo = lose + the plot, lose + the thread.
    * perder el interés = pall.
    * perder el juicio = lose + Posesivo + sanity.
    * perder el norte = be off course, fly off + course.
    * perder el pie = lose + Posesivo + footing.
    * perder el rumbo = be off course, fly off + course.
    * perder el sentido = faint, lose + Posesivo + senses, lose + Posesivo + consciousness, pass out.
    * perder el sentido del humor = lose + sense of humour.
    * perder el sueño por = lose + sleep over/on.
    * perder el tiempo = dawdle, mess around, pissing into the wind, mess about, faff (about/around), pootle, sit + idle, muck around/about, piddle around.
    * perder el tiempo, hacer esto y aquello de un modo relajado = piddle around.
    * perder el valor = lose + Posesivo + nerve.
    * perder entusiasmo = lose + enthusiasm.
    * perder esperanza = lose + hope.
    * perder fuerza = lose + power, lose + steam.
    * perder gas = lose + steam.
    * perder hasta la camisa = lose + Posesivo + shirt.
    * perder ímpetu = lose + momentum, run out of + steam, lose + impetus.
    * perder influencia = lose + clout.
    * perder interés = lapse, lose + interest.
    * perder la cabeza = lose + Posesivo + mind, lose + Posesivo + head, lose + Posesivo + marbles, go + bonkers, fly off + the handle, go (right) off + Posesivo + rocker, go out of + Posesivo + mind, go + soft in the head.
    * perder la calma = blow + a fuse.
    * perder la chaveta = go + bonkers, go (right) off + Posesivo + rocker, go + berserk, go + postal, go + haywire.
    * perder la chaveta por = have + a crush on.
    * perder la compostura = lose + Posesivo + balance, break down + in disarray.
    * perder la conciencia = lose + Posesivo + consciousness, pass out.
    * perder la cordura = lose + Posesivo + sanity.
    * perder la credibilidad = lose + face.
    * perder la cuenta (de) = lose + count (of).
    * perder la esperanza = despair, throw in + the towel, give up + hope, throw in/up + the sponge.
    * perder la fe = lose + Posesivo + faith.
    * perder la identidad de uno = lose + Posesivo + identity.
    * perder la ilusión = lose + heart.
    * perder la motivación = lose + motivation.
    * perder la noción del tiempo = lose + track of time, lose + all notion of time, lose + all sense of time.
    * perder la oportunidad = miss + the boat.
    * perder la paciencia = lose + Posesivo + temper.
    * perder la pista de = lose + track of.
    * perder la presión = depressurise [depressurize, -USA].
    * perder la razón = lose + Posesivo + sanity.
    * perder las facultades = lose + Posesivo + faculties.
    * perder la sincronización = get out of + step.
    * perder las riendas = go + berserk, go + postal, go + crazy.
    * perder la timidez con = warm up to.
    * perder la vida = lose + Posesivo + life.
    * perder la virginidad = lose + Posesivo + virginity.
    * perder la visión = lose + Posesivo + sight.
    * perder la vista = become + blind.
    * perder la voz = lose + Posesivo + voice.
    * perder los estribos = lose + Posesivo + cool, fly off + the handle, lose + Posesivo + head, go + berserk, go + postal, go + crazy, lose + Posesivo + temper.
    * perder los nervios = lose + Posesivo + cool, fly off + the handle, lose + Posesivo + head.
    * perder los papeles = lose + control (of), lose + Posesivo + cool, lose + Posesivo + head, fly off + the handle, freak out, flip out.
    * perder nota = lose + marks.
    * perder para siempre = lose to + posterity.
    * perder peso = lose + weight.
    * perder poder = lose + power.
    * perder prestigio = lose + face.
    * perder propiedades = lose + property.
    * perder protagonismo = fade into + the background.
    * perderse = go astray, get + lost, lose + Posesivo + way, go + missing, miss out on, slip through + the cracks, get out of + Posesivo + depth, wander off + route, disorient, disorientate, wander off + track, lose + Posesivo + bearings.
    * perderse entre el gentío = lose + Reflexivo + amid the crowd.
    * perderse entre la muchedumbre = lose + Reflexivo + amid the crowd.
    * perderse entre la multitud = lose + Reflexivo + amid the crowd.
    * perder sentido = lose + purpose.
    * perderse por = wander through.
    * perderse por los caminos secundarios = go + off-road.
    * perderse una clase = miss + class.
    * perder terreno = lose + ground.
    * perder tiempo = waste + time, lose + time.
    * perder (toda/la) esperanza = abandon + (all) hope.
    * perder una batalla = lose + battle.
    * perder una guerra = lose + war.
    * perder un amigo = lose + a friend.
    * perder una oportunidad = miss + opportunity, lose + opportunity, miss + chance, waste + opportunity.
    * perder una venta = lose + sale.
    * perder una votación = outvote.
    * perder un objeto personal = lose + property.
    * perder un partido = lose + match.
    * perder valor = lose + Posesivo + value.
    * perder ventas = lose + sales.
    * perder vigor = run out of + steam, lose + steam.
    * perder vitalidad = run out of + steam.
    * por probar nada se pierde = nothing ventured, nothing gained.
    * que no se puede uno perder = unmissable.
    * que pierde agua = leaking, leaky [leakier -comp., leakiest -sup].
    * salir perdiendo = victimise [victimize, -USA], come off + worst, lose out, compare + unfavourably, lose + neck, be a little worse off.
    * salir sin ganar ni perder = break + even.
    * se pierda o se gane = win or lose.
    * sin perder de vista = with an eye on.
    * sin perder un (solo) minuto = without a moment wasted, without a wasted moment, without a minute wasted, without a wasted minute.
    * sin tiempo que perder = without a minute to spare.
    * tener todas las de perder = fight + a losing battle.
    * un arte que se está perdiendo = a dying art.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( extraviar) <llaves/documento/guante> to lose
    b) <señal/imagen/contacto> to lose
    3)
    a) <dinero/propiedad/cosecha> to lose

    con preguntar no se pierde nada — we've/you've nothing to lose by asking, there's no harm in asking

    más se perdió en la guerra — (fr hecha) it's not the end of the world

    b) <derecho/trabajo> to lose
    c) <brazo/sangre/vista> to lose

    perder la vida — to lose one's life, to perish; cabeza, vista II, III

    d) <hijo/marido> to lose
    4)
    a) <interés/entusiasmo/paciencia> to lose

    llegas tarde, para no perder la costumbre — (iró) you're late, just for a change (iro)

    perder la práctica/la costumbre — to get out of practice/the habit

    perder el conocimiento — to lose consciousness, to pass out

    b) <fuerza/intensidad/calor/altura> to lose

    perder el ritmo — (Mús) to lose the beat; ( en trabajo) to get out of the rhythm

    c) <peso/kilos> to lose
    5)
    a) <autobús/tren/avión> to miss
    b) <ocasión/oportunidad> to miss
    c) < tiempo> to waste
    6)
    a) <guerra/pleito/partido> to lose
    b) <curso/año> to fail; < examen> (Ur) to fail
    7) <agua/aceite/aire> to lose
    2.
    perder vi
    1) ( ser derrotado) to lose
    2)
    a) cafetera/tanque to leak
    b) (RPl) color ( aclararse) to fade
    3)

    echar(se) a perder — ver echar I 1) a), echarse I 1) a)

    3.
    perderse v pron
    1)
    a) ( extraviarse) persona/objeto to get lost; (+ me/te/le etc)

    ¿y a tí que se te ha perdido por allí? — whatever possessed you to go there

    no hay por dónde perderse — (Chi fam) there's no question about it

    b) ( desaparecer) to disappear
    c) (en tema, conversación)

    empieza otra vez, ya me perdí — start again, you've lost me already

    2) <fiesta/película/espectáculo> to miss
    a) ( acabar mal) to get into trouble, lose one's way (liter)
    b) (Per fam) ( prostituirse) to go on the streets (colloq)
    * * *
    = lose, misplace, forfeit, mislay, lose out, miss, suffer + loss.

    Ex: One of the hardest tasks of a curator is to make a precis of the information about a particular object without losing any essential information.

    Ex: This article discusses the common abuses of circulation privileges by a few faculty members: removing books from the library without checking them out; misplacing books after they have been checked out; and failing to return books when needed by others = Este artículo analiza los abusos comunes de los privilegios de préstamo por parte de unos pocos profesores: coger libros de la biblioteca sin sacarlos en préstamo, perder libros tras haberlos sacados en préstamo y no dever libros cuando otros los necesitan.
    Ex: In addition, it enables the library to respond to the needs of the new popular culture without forfeiting its traditional cultural purpose.
    Ex: Workflow systems automate business processes, such as the management of a housing benefit claim, to ensure all tasks are completed on time and no information can be lost or mislaid.
    Ex: Libraries, in the crush to pay journal invoices, are losing out, as other services as well as staffing and pay all end up unfunded = Las bibliotecas, ante la presión de tener que pagar las facturas de las revistas, salen perdiendo ya que otros servicios así como el personal y los salarios terminanan todos con insuficientes fondos.
    Ex: Thus the browser may miss valuable items, although some browsers will find browsing a perfectly adequate method of gauging the extent of a library collection.
    Ex: They played their third game of the season today and suffered another loss but the team continues to improve.
    * echar a perder = ruin, bungle, bring out + the worst in, cast + a blight on, blight, go off.
    * echarlo todo a perder = upset + the applecart.
    * echar + Posesivo + planes a perder = upset + Posesivo + plans.
    * ganar cuando todo parece estar perdido = victory from the jaws of defeat.
    * hacer perder el conocimiento = knock + Nombre + out, knock + Nombre + unconscious.
    * hacer perder el entusiasmo = dampen + Posesivo + enthusiasm.
    * hacer perder el sentido a = make + nonsense of.
    * hacer perder la agilidad física = stale.
    * hacer perder la agilidad mental = stale.
    * hacer perder las esperanzas = dampen + Posesivo + hopes.
    * hacer que Alguien pierda el empleo = put + Nombre + out of work.
    * hacer que pierda el interés = take + the shine off things.
    * llevar todas las de perder = odds + be stacked against, not have a leg to stand on.
    * lo que se gana por un lado se pierde por otro = swings and roundabouts.
    * lo que se pierda en una cosa se gana en la otra = what you lose on the swings you gain on the roundabouts.
    * ni ganar ni perder = break + even.
    * no perder de vista = keep + an eye on, keep + a beady eye on, keep in + sight.
    * no perder el ánimo = keep + Posesivo + chin up.
    * no perder el control = stay on top of, stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.
    * no perder el trabajo = stay in + work.
    * no perder la cabeza = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.
    * no perder la calma = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.
    * no perderse = keep on + the right track.
    * no perderse en/por = find + Posesivo + way round/through.
    * no perderse mucho = be no great loss.
    * no perderse nada = be no great loss.
    * no tener nada que perder = have + nothing to lose.
    * perder agua = lose + water, leak.
    * perder Algo = take + Nombre + out of + Posesivo + hands.
    * perder confianza = lose + confidence (in).
    * perder contacto con la realidad = lose + touch with reality.
    * perder control = lose + control (of).
    * perder credibilidad = destroy + credence.
    * perder de vista = lose from + sight, drop from + sight, lose + sight of.
    * perder de vista el hecho de que = lose + sight of the fact that.
    * perder eficacia = lose + clout.
    * perder el alma = lose + Posesivo + soul.
    * perder el ánimo = lose + heart.
    * perder el apetito = lose + Posesivo + appetite.
    * perder el atractivo = lose + Posesivo + allure, lose + Posesivo + savour.
    * perder el color = fade.
    * perder el conocimiento = lose + Posesivo + senses, pass out, lose + Posesivo + consciousness.
    * perder el contacto con = lose + touch with.
    * perder el control = slip beyond + the grasp of, lose + Posesivo + grip, run + amok, sweep + Nombre + off + Posesivo + feet, go to + pieces, go + wild.
    * perder el control de Algo = get out of + hand.
    * perder el control de la situación = things + get out of hand.
    * perder el culo = go into + raptures.
    * perder el encanto = lose + Posesivo + allure, lose + Posesivo + savour, lose + Posesivo + shine.
    * perder el entusiasmo = lose + heart.
    * perder el equilibrio = lose + Posesivo + balance.
    * perder el favor de = lose + popularity with.
    * perder el hábito = lose + the habit.
    * perder el hilo = lose + the plot, lose + the thread.
    * perder el interés = pall.
    * perder el juicio = lose + Posesivo + sanity.
    * perder el norte = be off course, fly off + course.
    * perder el pie = lose + Posesivo + footing.
    * perder el rumbo = be off course, fly off + course.
    * perder el sentido = faint, lose + Posesivo + senses, lose + Posesivo + consciousness, pass out.
    * perder el sentido del humor = lose + sense of humour.
    * perder el sueño por = lose + sleep over/on.
    * perder el tiempo = dawdle, mess around, pissing into the wind, mess about, faff (about/around), pootle, sit + idle, muck around/about, piddle around.
    * perder el tiempo, hacer esto y aquello de un modo relajado = piddle around.
    * perder el valor = lose + Posesivo + nerve.
    * perder entusiasmo = lose + enthusiasm.
    * perder esperanza = lose + hope.
    * perder fuerza = lose + power, lose + steam.
    * perder gas = lose + steam.
    * perder hasta la camisa = lose + Posesivo + shirt.
    * perder ímpetu = lose + momentum, run out of + steam, lose + impetus.
    * perder influencia = lose + clout.
    * perder interés = lapse, lose + interest.
    * perder la cabeza = lose + Posesivo + mind, lose + Posesivo + head, lose + Posesivo + marbles, go + bonkers, fly off + the handle, go (right) off + Posesivo + rocker, go out of + Posesivo + mind, go + soft in the head.
    * perder la calma = blow + a fuse.
    * perder la chaveta = go + bonkers, go (right) off + Posesivo + rocker, go + berserk, go + postal, go + haywire.
    * perder la chaveta por = have + a crush on.
    * perder la compostura = lose + Posesivo + balance, break down + in disarray.
    * perder la conciencia = lose + Posesivo + consciousness, pass out.
    * perder la cordura = lose + Posesivo + sanity.
    * perder la credibilidad = lose + face.
    * perder la cuenta (de) = lose + count (of).
    * perder la esperanza = despair, throw in + the towel, give up + hope, throw in/up + the sponge.
    * perder la fe = lose + Posesivo + faith.
    * perder la identidad de uno = lose + Posesivo + identity.
    * perder la ilusión = lose + heart.
    * perder la motivación = lose + motivation.
    * perder la noción del tiempo = lose + track of time, lose + all notion of time, lose + all sense of time.
    * perder la oportunidad = miss + the boat.
    * perder la paciencia = lose + Posesivo + temper.
    * perder la pista de = lose + track of.
    * perder la presión = depressurise [depressurize, -USA].
    * perder la razón = lose + Posesivo + sanity.
    * perder las facultades = lose + Posesivo + faculties.
    * perder la sincronización = get out of + step.
    * perder las riendas = go + berserk, go + postal, go + crazy.
    * perder la timidez con = warm up to.
    * perder la vida = lose + Posesivo + life.
    * perder la virginidad = lose + Posesivo + virginity.
    * perder la visión = lose + Posesivo + sight.
    * perder la vista = become + blind.
    * perder la voz = lose + Posesivo + voice.
    * perder los estribos = lose + Posesivo + cool, fly off + the handle, lose + Posesivo + head, go + berserk, go + postal, go + crazy, lose + Posesivo + temper.
    * perder los nervios = lose + Posesivo + cool, fly off + the handle, lose + Posesivo + head.
    * perder los papeles = lose + control (of), lose + Posesivo + cool, lose + Posesivo + head, fly off + the handle, freak out, flip out.
    * perder nota = lose + marks.
    * perder para siempre = lose to + posterity.
    * perder peso = lose + weight.
    * perder poder = lose + power.
    * perder prestigio = lose + face.
    * perder propiedades = lose + property.
    * perder protagonismo = fade into + the background.
    * perderse = go astray, get + lost, lose + Posesivo + way, go + missing, miss out on, slip through + the cracks, get out of + Posesivo + depth, wander off + route, disorient, disorientate, wander off + track, lose + Posesivo + bearings.
    * perderse entre el gentío = lose + Reflexivo + amid the crowd.
    * perderse entre la muchedumbre = lose + Reflexivo + amid the crowd.
    * perderse entre la multitud = lose + Reflexivo + amid the crowd.
    * perder sentido = lose + purpose.
    * perderse por = wander through.
    * perderse por los caminos secundarios = go + off-road.
    * perderse una clase = miss + class.
    * perder terreno = lose + ground.
    * perder tiempo = waste + time, lose + time.
    * perder (toda/la) esperanza = abandon + (all) hope.
    * perder una batalla = lose + battle.
    * perder una guerra = lose + war.
    * perder un amigo = lose + a friend.
    * perder una oportunidad = miss + opportunity, lose + opportunity, miss + chance, waste + opportunity.
    * perder una venta = lose + sale.
    * perder una votación = outvote.
    * perder un objeto personal = lose + property.
    * perder un partido = lose + match.
    * perder valor = lose + Posesivo + value.
    * perder ventas = lose + sales.
    * perder vigor = run out of + steam, lose + steam.
    * perder vitalidad = run out of + steam.
    * por probar nada se pierde = nothing ventured, nothing gained.
    * que no se puede uno perder = unmissable.
    * que pierde agua = leaking, leaky [leakier -comp., leakiest -sup].
    * salir perdiendo = victimise [victimize, -USA], come off + worst, lose out, compare + unfavourably, lose + neck, be a little worse off.
    * salir sin ganar ni perder = break + even.
    * se pierda o se gane = win or lose.
    * sin perder de vista = with an eye on.
    * sin perder un (solo) minuto = without a moment wasted, without a wasted moment, without a minute wasted, without a wasted minute.
    * sin tiempo que perder = without a minute to spare.
    * tener todas las de perder = fight + a losing battle.
    * un arte que se está perdiendo = a dying art.

    * * *
    perder [E8 ]
    vt
    A
    1 (extraviar) ‹llaves/documento/guante› to lose
    he perdido su dirección I've lost her address
    perdió las tijeras y se pasó una hora buscándolas she mislaid o lost the scissors and spent an hour looking for them
    me perdiste la página you lost my place o page
    perdí a mi marido en la muchedumbre I lost my husband in the crowd
    no pierdas de vista al niño don't let the child out of your sight
    2 ‹señal/imagen/contacto› to lose
    hemos perdido el contacto con el avión we've lost contact with the plane
    B
    (ser la ruina de): lo perdió la curiosidad his curiosity was his undoing o his downfall
    C
    1 ‹dinero/propiedad/cosecha› to lose
    perdió mil pesos jugando al póker she lost a thousand pesos playing poker
    perdió una fortuna en ese negocio he lost a fortune in o on that deal
    con preguntar no se pierde nada we've/you've nothing to lose by asking, there's no harm in asking, we/you can but ask
    más se perdió en la guerra ( fr hecha); things could be worse!, worse things happen at sea, it's not the end of the world
    terreno2 (↑ terreno (2))
    2 ‹derecho/trabajo› to lose
    si te vas pierdes el lugar en la cola if you go away you lose your place in the line ( AmE) o ( BrE) queue
    3 ‹ojo/brazo› to lose; ‹vista/oído› to lose
    ha perdido mucho peso/mucha sangre she's lost a lot of weight/blood
    el susto le hizo perder el habla the fright rendered him speechless
    perder la vida to lose one's life, to perish
    4 ‹hijo/marido› to lose
    perder un niño or un bebé (en el embarazo) to lose a baby, to have a miscarriage
    D
    1 ‹interés/entusiasmo› to lose; ‹paciencia› to lose
    no hay que perder el ánimo you mustn't lose heart
    yo no pierdo las esperanzas I'm not giving up hope
    he perdido la costumbre de levantarme temprano I've got(ten) out of o I've lost the habit of getting up early
    llegas tarde, para no perder la costumbre ( iró); you're late, just for a change ( iro)
    trata de no perder la práctica try not to get out of practice
    tienes que perderles el miedo a los aviones you have to get over o to overcome your fear of flying
    perder el equilibrio to lose one's balance
    perder el conocimiento to lose consciousness, to pass out
    2 ‹fuerza/intensidad/calor› to lose
    el avión empezó a perder altura the plane began to lose height
    perder el ritmo ( Mús) to lose the beat
    estás trabajando muy bien, no pierdas el ritmo you're working well, keep it up!
    3 ‹peso/kilos› to lose
    E
    1 ‹autobús/tren/avión› to miss
    2 ‹ocasión› to miss
    sería tonto perder esta estupenda oportunidad it would be stupid to miss o to pass up this marvelous opportunity
    no pierde oportunidad de recordarnos cuánto le debemos he never misses a chance to remind us how much we owe him
    3 ‹tiempo›
    ¡no me hagas perder (el) tiempo! don't waste my time!
    no hay tiempo que perder there's no time to lose
    no pierdas (el) tiempo, no lo vas a convencer don't waste your time, you're not going to convince him
    llámalo sin perder un minuto call him immediately
    perdimos dos días por lo de la huelga we lost two days because of the strike
    F
    1 ‹guerra/pleito› to lose; ‹partido› to lose
    2 ‹curso/año› to fail
    perder un examen (Ur); to fail an exam
    G ‹agua/aceite/aire› to lose
    el coche pierde aceite the car has an oil leak o is losing oil
    el globo perdía aire air was escaping from the balloon
    ■ perder
    vi
    A (ser derrotado) to lose
    perdimos por un punto we lost by one point
    no sabes perder you're a bad loser
    no discutas con él porque llevas las de perder don't argue with him because you'll lose
    la que sale perdiendo soy yo I lose out o come off worst
    B
    1 ( RPl) «cafetera/tanque» to leak
    2 «color» (aclararse) to fade; (tiñiendo otras prendas) to run
    C
    A
    1 (extraviarse) «persona/objeto» to get lost
    siempre me pierdo en esta ciudad I always get lost in this town
    no te pierdas, llámanos de vez en cuando don't lose touch, call us now and then
    (+ me/te/le etc): se le perdió el dinero he's lost the money
    guárdalo bien para que no se te pierda keep it safe so you don't lose it
    no hay por dónde perderse ( Chi fam); there's no question about it
    2 (desaparecer) to disappear
    se perdió entre la muchedumbre she disappeared into the crowd
    3
    (en un tema, una conversación): cuando se ponen a hablar rápido me pierdo when they start talking quickly I get lost
    me distraje un momento y me perdí my attention wandered for a moment and I lost the thread
    las cifras son tan enormes que uno se pierde the figures are so huge that they start to lose all meaning
    empieza otra vez, ya me perdí start again, you've lost me already
    4
    (en una prenda, un espacio): te pierdes en ese vestido you look lost in that dress
    los sillones quedan perdidos en ese salón tan grande the armchairs are rather lost in such a big sitting room
    B ‹fiesta/película/espectáculo› to miss
    no te perdiste nada you didn't miss anything
    te perdiste una excelente oportunidad de callarte la boca ( hum); you could have kept your big mouth shut ( colloq)
    C «persona»
    1 (acabar mal) to get into trouble, lose one's way ( liter)
    2 ( Per fam) (prostituirse) to go on the streets o the game ( colloq)
    * * *

     

    perder ( conjugate perder) verbo transitivo
    1 ( en general) to lose;

    quiere perder peso he wants to lose weight;
    con preguntar no se pierde nada we've/you've nothing to lose by asking;
    perder la vida to lose one's life, to perish;
    See also→ cabeza 1 e, vista 2 3;
    yo no pierdo las esperanzas I'm not giving up hope;
    perder la práctica to get out of practice;
    perder el equilibrio to lose one's balance;
    perder el conocimiento to lose consciousness, to pass out;
    perder el ritmo (Mús) to lose the beat;

    ( en trabajo) to get out of the rhythm
    2
    a) ‹autobús/tren/avión› to miss

    b) ‹ocasión/oportunidad› to miss;


    c) ‹ tiempo› to waste;

    ◊ ¡no me hagas perder (el) tiempo! don't waste my time!;

    no hay tiempo que perder there's no time to lose
    3
    a) ‹guerra/pleito/partido› to lose

    b) ‹curso/año› to fail;

    ‹ examen› (Ur) to fail
    4 ‹agua/aceite/aire› to lose
    verbo intransitivo
    1 ( ser derrotado) to lose;

    no sabes perder you're a bad loser;
    llevar las de perder to be onto a loser;
    la que sale perdiendo soy yo I'm the one who loses out o comes off worst
    2 [cafetera/tanque] to leak
    3
    ◊ echar(se) a perder ver echar I 1a, echarse 1a

    perderse verbo pronominal
    1 [persona/objeto] to get lost;

    se le perdió el dinero he's lost the money;
    cuando se ponen a hablar rápido me pierdo when they start talking quickly I get lost
    2 ‹fiesta/película/espectáculo› to miss
    perder
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (un objeto) to lose
    2 (un medio de transporte) to miss
    3 (el tiempo) to waste
    4 (oportunidad) to miss ➣ Ver nota en miss
    5 (cualidad, costumbre, sentido) to lose: tienes que perder tus miedos, you have to overcome your fears
    6 (agua, aceite) to leak
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 (disminuir una cualidad) to lose
    2 (estropear) to ruin, go off
    3 (en una competición, batalla) to lose
    ♦ Locuciones: echar (algo) a perder, to spoil (sthg)
    llevar las de perder, to be onto a loser
    ' perder' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    adormecerse
    - aflojar
    - baño
    - borda
    - brújula
    - cabeza
    - cabo
    - clarear
    - conciencia
    - conocimiento
    - costumbre
    - cuenta
    - declinar
    - descuidarse
    - desesperarse
    - desfallecer
    - desgracia
    - desinflarse
    - desnaturalizar
    - despedirse
    - despintar
    - despistar
    - destinada
    - destinado
    - desvanecerse
    - deteriorarse
    - distraerse
    - don
    - enloquecer
    - estribo
    - facultad
    - flaquear
    - granizada
    - hilo
    - infortunio
    - innecesaria
    - innecesario
    - interés
    - joderse
    - juicio
    - llevar
    - norte
    - papel
    - pasarse
    - peso
    - razón
    - resbalar
    - rumbo
    - saber
    - sentida
    English:
    avoid
    - balance
    - black out
    - blow
    - boat
    - bound
    - break
    - bungle
    - cool
    - course
    - crush
    - danger
    - dawdle
    - decline
    - dignity
    - dilly-dally
    - erode
    - even
    - face
    - fade
    - fiddle around
    - flag
    - footing
    - forfeit
    - freak out
    - gamble away
    - gazump
    - ground
    - grow out of
    - handle
    - hang about
    - hang around
    - heart
    - keep
    - leak
    - lose
    - mislay
    - miss
    - muck about
    - muck around
    - muck up
    - pall
    - piece
    - pot
    - rack
    - rag
    - reason
    - rise
    - risk
    - shape
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [extraviar] to lose;
    he perdido el paraguas I've lost my umbrella
    2. [dejar de tener] [dinero, amigo, empleo, interés] to lose;
    he perdido el contacto con ellos I've lost touch with them;
    la policía ha perdido la pista o [m5] el rastro de los secuestradores the police have lost track of the kidnappers;
    no sé nada de Ana, le he perdido la pista o [m5] el rastro I don't know anything about Ana, I've lost touch with her;
    el accidente le hizo perder la visión he lost his sight in the accident;
    ya hemos perdido toda esperanza de encontrarlo we've now given up o lost all hope of finding him;
    he perdido bastante práctica I'm rather out of practice;
    perder el equilibrio/la memoria to lose one's balance/memory;
    perder peso to lose weight;
    perder el miedo/el respeto a alguien to lose one's fear of/respect for sb;
    cientos de personas perdieron la vida hundreds of people lost their lives;
    no tienes/tiene/ etc[m5]. nada que perder you have/he has/ etc nothing to lose;
    Esp
    más se perdió en Cuba o [m5] en la guerra it's not as bad as all that, it's not the end of the world
    3. [ser derrotado en] [batalla, partido, campeonato, elecciones] to lose;
    este error podría hacerle perder el partido this mistake could lose her the game
    4. [desperdiciar] [tiempo] to waste;
    [oportunidad, ocasión] to miss;
    no pierdas el tiempo con o [m5] en tonterías don't waste your time on nonsense like that;
    he perdido toda la mañana en llamadas de teléfono I've wasted all morning making phone calls;
    no hay tiempo que perder there's no time to lose
    5. [no alcanzar] [tren, vuelo, autobús] to miss
    6. [tener un escape de] [agua] to lose, to leak;
    la bombona pierde aire air is escaping from the cylinder;
    ese camión va perdiendo aceite that truck o Br lorry is losing o leaking oil
    7. [perjudicar] to be the ruin of;
    le pierde su pasión por el juego his passion for gambling is ruining him
    8. Urug [examen] to fail
    ♦ vi
    1. [salir derrotado] to lose;
    perder al póquer/billar to lose at poker/billiards;
    perdimos (por) dos a cero we lost Br two-nil o US two-zero;
    no te pelees con él, que llevas las de perder don't get into a fight with him, you're bound to lose;
    sabe/no sabe perder he's a good/bad loser;
    salir perdiendo to lose out, to come off worse
    2. [empeorar] to go downhill;
    este restaurante ha perdido mucho this restaurant has really gone downhill;
    estas alfombras pierden bastante al lavarlas these rugs don't wash very well
    3. [tener un escape] [de agua, aceite] to have a leak;
    esa bombona pierde that gas cylinder is leaking;
    una de las ruedas pierde por la válvula the air's coming out of one of the tyres
    4. [en frases]
    echar algo a perder to spoil sth;
    echarse a perder [alimento] to spoil, Br to go off
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 objeto lose;
    ¡piérdete! get lost!;
    no tener nada que perder have nothing to lose
    2 tren, avión etc miss
    3 el tiempo waste
    II v/i lose;
    tener las de perder be at a disadvantage;
    salir perdiendo come off worst
    * * *
    perder {56} vt
    1) : to lose
    2) : to miss
    perdimos la oportunidad: we missed the opportunity
    3) : to waste (time)
    perder vi
    : to lose
    * * *
    perder vb
    1. (en general) to lose [pt. & pp. lost]
    2. (tren, avión, oportunidad, etc) to miss
    3. (tiempo) to waste
    4. (líquido, gas) to leak
    echar a perder algo to ruin something / to spoil something
    echarse a perder to go off / to go bad

    Spanish-English dictionary > perder

  • 4 fuera

    adv.
    1 outside.
    hace frío fuera it's cold outside
    fuera de la casa outside the house
    lo echó fuera she threw him out
    salen mucho a comer fuera they eat out a lot
    hacia fuera outward
    por fuera (on the) outside
    sólo vimos la iglesia por fuera we only saw the church from the outside
    2 away.
    a los de fuera les sorprende people who aren't from round here o strangers find it strange
    intj.
    out of here, go away, get out, out.
    imperf.subj.
    1 3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) Imperfect Subjunctive of Spanish verb: ser.
    2 1st person singular (yo) Imperfect Subjunctive of Spanish verb: ir.
    * * *
    1 (exterior) out, outside
    ■ salimos fuera we went out, we went outside
    1 get out!
    1 (un lugar) out of; (más allá de) outside, beyond; (excepto) except for, apart from
    \
    estar fuera de sí to be beside oneself
    fuera de combate knocked out
    fuera de duda beyond doubt
    fuera de lo normal extraordinary, very unusual
    fuera de peligro out of danger
    fuera de serie extraordinary
    jugar fuera DEPORTE to play away
    fuera de juego offside
    ————————
    1→ link=ser ser
    2→ link=ir ir
    * * *
    adv.
    1) outside, out
    2) away
    •
    * * *
    ADV
    1) [de edificio, objeto] [indicando posición] outside; [indicando dirección] out

    ¡estamos aquí fuera! — we're out here!

    ¡fuera! — get out!

    ¡segundos fuera! — (Boxeo) seconds out!

    ir o salir fuera — to go out, go outside

    • comer fuera — [al aire libre] to eat outside; [en restaurante] to eat out

    hoy vamos a cenar fuera — we're going out for dinner tonight, we're eating out tonight

    • de fuera — from outside

    • desde fuera — from outside

    • la parte de fuera — the outside, the outer part

    • por fuera — (on the) outside

    esta camisa se lleva por fuera — this shirt is worn outside, this shirt is not tucked in

    lengua 1)
    2) [de ciudad, trabajo]

    estar fuera — to be away, be out of town

    3) (tb: fuera del país) abroad, out of the country

    "¡invasores fuera!" — "invaders go home!"

    ir o salir fuera — to go abroad

    4) (Dep)
    a) [en un partido]

    estar fuera — [pelota] (Ftbl) to be out of play; (Rugby) to be in touch; (Tenis) to be out

    • fuera de juego — offside

    • fuera de tiempo, estamos fuera de tiempo — time's up

    • tirar fuera — to shoot wide

    b) (tb: fuera de casa) away, away from home
    5)

    • fuera de —

    a) (=en el exterior de) outside, out of
    b) (=aparte) apart from, aside from

    pero fuera de eso — but apart o aside from that

    fuera de que... — apart from the fact that...

    c)

    • fuera de alcance — out of reach

    • fuera de combate — (Mil) wounded; (Boxeo) K.O.ed

    • fuera de lo común — unusual

    • estar fuera de lugar — to be inappropriate, be out of place

    • fuera de peligro — out of danger

    • fuera de serie — exceptional

    * * *
    I
    1)
    a) (lugar, parte) [Latin American Spanish also uses afuera in this sense] outside

    comeremos fuera — ( en el jardín) we'll eat outside; ( en un restaurante) we'll eat out

    b) ( en el extranjero) abroad, out of the country; (del lugar de trabajo, de la ciudad, etc) away

    los de fuera — ( los extranjeros) foreigners; (los de otros pueblos, ciudades, etc) outsiders

    2)

    fuera de — (loc prep)

    a) (en el exterior de, más allá de) out of

    fuera del alcance de los proyectiles — outside o beyond the range of the missiles

    b) ( excepto) apart from

    fuera de eso, me encuentro bien — apart o (AmE) aside from that, I feel fine

    fuera de combate: lo dejó fuera de combate (Dep) he knocked him out; fuera de concurso: quedó fuera de concurso he was disqualified; su película se presentó fuera de concurso his movie was shown outside the competition; fuera de cuentas (Esp) overdue; fuera de la ley: vivían fuera de la ley they lived outside the law; fuera de lugar <mueble/persona> out of place; < comentario> inappropriate, out of place; fuera de peligro out of danger; fuera de serie <jugador/cantante> exceptional, outstanding; fuera de sí: estaba fuera de sí he was beside himself; fuera de temporada or estación — out of season

    •
    II
    fuéramos, etc see ir, ser
    * * *
    Ex. As expected, bats avoided obstacles while flying through vegetation and intercepted flying prey in the open.
    ----
    * bebida de fuera = outside drink.
    * caer fuera de = fall outside, lie beyond.
    * caer fuera del alcance de = fall outside + the scope of.
    * caer fuera de las responsabilidades de = be on the outer fringes of.
    * caer fuera del interés de = lie outside + the scope of.
    * caer fuera del interés de uno = fall outside + Posesivo + interest.
    * caer fuera del objetivo de = fall outside + the scope of.
    * circunstancias que están fuera de + Posesivo + control = circumstances beyond + Posesivo + control.
    * colocación fuera de lugar = misplacement.
    * colocar fuera de alcance = place + out of reach.
    * comer fuera = eat out.
    * comida de fuera = outside food.
    * con las garras fuera = knives-out.
    * con las uñas fuera = knives-out.
    * curso que tiene lugar fuera de la universidad = extension course, off-campus course.
    * de dentro hacia fuera = inside outwards.
    * de fuera = outside, off-side.
    * de fuera de la ciudad = out-of-town.
    * dejar fuera = leave out, cut out, count + Nombre + out, drop + Nombre + out of the picture.
    * dejar fuera de combate = lay + Nombre + low.
    * dejar fuera del equipo = sideline.
    * de miras hacia fuera = outwardly.
    * dentro y fuera de = in and out of.
    * desde dentro hacia fuera = from the inside-out.
    * desde dentro y desde fuera de = within and without.
    * desde fuera = from the outside.
    * echar fuera = throw + Nombre + out.
    * encontrarse fuera de lugar = be out of + Posesivo + element, be out of place.
    * estado del ordenador en fuera de línea = offlineness.
    * estar fuera = be out.
    * estar fuera con los amigos = be out with the guys.
    * estar fuera de contienda = be out of contention.
    * estar fuera del alcance = lie outside + the scope of.
    * estar fuera de las posibilidades de Alguien = be out of + Posesivo + league.
    * estar fuera del interés = lie outside + the scope of.
    * estar fuera del interés de uno = lie beyond + concern.
    * estar fuera de lugar = be out of place, be out of order.
    * estar fuera de quicio = be beside + Reflexivo.
    * estar fuera de rumbo = be off course.
    * estar fuera de secuencia = be out of order.
    * estar fura de sí = be beside + Reflexivo.
    * fuera de = outside (of), outwith.
    * fuera de alcance = beyond reach, out of range.
    * fuera de circulación = out of circulation.
    * fuera de clase = out-of-class.
    * fuera de cobertura = out of range.
    * fuera de control = out-of-control, haywire.
    * fuera de juego = offside.
    * fuera de la casa = out-of-home.
    * fuera del alcance = out of reach.
    * fuera del alcance de = beyond the scope of.
    * fuera del alcance de las posibilidades de Alguien = beyond + Posesivo + powers.
    * fuera del alcance del oído = out of earshot.
    * fuera de las normas comúnmente aceptadas = beyond the pale.
    * fuera de la universidad = off-campus.
    * fuera de la vista = out of view.
    * fuera del campus = off-campus.
    * fuera del control de = beyond the control of.
    * fuera del escenario = off stage.
    * fuera del horario normal = out of hours, at odd times.
    * fuera de línea = offline [off-line].
    * fuera del matrimonio = out of wedlock.
    * fuera de lo común = eccentric, odd, unordinary, out of the ordinary, a cut above the rest, a cut above.
    * fuera de lo normal = abnormally + Adjetivo, with a difference, unordinary, out of the ordinary.
    * fuera de los caminos trillados = off the beaten track.
    * fuera del redil = beyond the pale.
    * fuera de lugar = out of place, without + Lugar, uncalled-for.
    * fuera de onda con los tiempos modernos = out of keeping with the times, out of tune with the times.
    * fuera de peligro = out of the woods, out of harm's way.
    * fuera de plazo = late.
    * fuera de + Posesivo + competencia = outside + Posesivo + jurisdiction.
    * fuera de + Posesivo + control = beyond + Posesivo + control.
    * fuera de quicio = pissed off, out of + Posesivo + mind, out of + Posesivo + senses.
    * fuera de rumbo = off course.
    * fuera de secuencia = out of range.
    * fuera de serie = crackerjack.
    * fuera de servicio = off-duty, decomissioned, out of commission.
    * fuera de temporada = off-season, out of season.
    * fuera de tino = wide of the mark.
    * fuera de toda duda = incontrovertible, without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt.
    * fuera de toda sospecha = above suspicion.
    * gol fuera de juego = offside goal.
    * hacia dentro y hacia fuera = Verbo + in and out.
    * hacia fuera = outwards.
    * impresión fuera de línea = offline print.
    * mantener Algo fuera de peligro = keep + Nombre + out of harm's way.
    * mina fuera de ruta = roadside bomb.
    * partido que se juega fuera de casa = away game.
    * pitar fuera de juego = judge + offside.
    * poner fuera de combate = lay + Nombre + low.
    * por fuera = outwardly, outwardly.
    * proyectar hacia fuera = project + outward.
    * salir fuera = be out and about, get out and about.
    * sentirse fuera de lugar = feel + inadequate.
    * sin dejar nada fuera = the works!.
    * tarifa por inscripción fuera de plazo = late registration fee.
    * tiempo fuera de servicio = downtime.
    * trabajar a horas fuera de lo normal = work + unsocial hours.
    * un día fuera = a day out.
    * usar fuera de contexto = use + out of context.
    * * *
    I
    1)
    a) (lugar, parte) [Latin American Spanish also uses afuera in this sense] outside

    comeremos fuera — ( en el jardín) we'll eat outside; ( en un restaurante) we'll eat out

    b) ( en el extranjero) abroad, out of the country; (del lugar de trabajo, de la ciudad, etc) away

    los de fuera — ( los extranjeros) foreigners; (los de otros pueblos, ciudades, etc) outsiders

    2)

    fuera de — (loc prep)

    a) (en el exterior de, más allá de) out of

    fuera del alcance de los proyectiles — outside o beyond the range of the missiles

    b) ( excepto) apart from

    fuera de eso, me encuentro bien — apart o (AmE) aside from that, I feel fine

    fuera de combate: lo dejó fuera de combate (Dep) he knocked him out; fuera de concurso: quedó fuera de concurso he was disqualified; su película se presentó fuera de concurso his movie was shown outside the competition; fuera de cuentas (Esp) overdue; fuera de la ley: vivían fuera de la ley they lived outside the law; fuera de lugar <mueble/persona> out of place; < comentario> inappropriate, out of place; fuera de peligro out of danger; fuera de serie <jugador/cantante> exceptional, outstanding; fuera de sí: estaba fuera de sí he was beside himself; fuera de temporada or estación — out of season

    •
    II
    fuéramos, etc see ir, ser
    * * *
    fuera(de)
    = outside (of), outwith

    Ex: This degree of standardisation is not the pattern outside of this specific area of application.

    Ex: Researchers outwith the higher education system consider research library information services inadequate.

    Ex: As expected, bats avoided obstacles while flying through vegetation and intercepted flying prey in the open.

    * bebida de fuera = outside drink.
    * caer fuera de = fall outside, lie beyond.
    * caer fuera del alcance de = fall outside + the scope of.
    * caer fuera de las responsabilidades de = be on the outer fringes of.
    * caer fuera del interés de = lie outside + the scope of.
    * caer fuera del interés de uno = fall outside + Posesivo + interest.
    * caer fuera del objetivo de = fall outside + the scope of.
    * circunstancias que están fuera de + Posesivo + control = circumstances beyond + Posesivo + control.
    * colocación fuera de lugar = misplacement.
    * colocar fuera de alcance = place + out of reach.
    * comer fuera = eat out.
    * comida de fuera = outside food.
    * con las garras fuera = knives-out.
    * con las uñas fuera = knives-out.
    * curso que tiene lugar fuera de la universidad = extension course, off-campus course.
    * de dentro hacia fuera = inside outwards.
    * de fuera = outside, off-side.
    * de fuera de la ciudad = out-of-town.
    * dejar fuera = leave out, cut out, count + Nombre + out, drop + Nombre + out of the picture.
    * dejar fuera de combate = lay + Nombre + low.
    * dejar fuera del equipo = sideline.
    * de miras hacia fuera = outwardly.
    * dentro y fuera de = in and out of.
    * desde dentro hacia fuera = from the inside-out.
    * desde dentro y desde fuera de = within and without.
    * desde fuera = from the outside.
    * echar fuera = throw + Nombre + out.
    * encontrarse fuera de lugar = be out of + Posesivo + element, be out of place.
    * estado del ordenador en fuera de línea = offlineness.
    * estar fuera = be out.
    * estar fuera con los amigos = be out with the guys.
    * estar fuera de contienda = be out of contention.
    * estar fuera del alcance = lie outside + the scope of.
    * estar fuera de las posibilidades de Alguien = be out of + Posesivo + league.
    * estar fuera del interés = lie outside + the scope of.
    * estar fuera del interés de uno = lie beyond + concern.
    * estar fuera de lugar = be out of place, be out of order.
    * estar fuera de quicio = be beside + Reflexivo.
    * estar fuera de rumbo = be off course.
    * estar fuera de secuencia = be out of order.
    * estar fura de sí = be beside + Reflexivo.
    * fuera de = outside (of), outwith.
    * fuera de alcance = beyond reach, out of range.
    * fuera de circulación = out of circulation.
    * fuera de clase = out-of-class.
    * fuera de cobertura = out of range.
    * fuera de control = out-of-control, haywire.
    * fuera de juego = offside.
    * fuera de la casa = out-of-home.
    * fuera del alcance = out of reach.
    * fuera del alcance de = beyond the scope of.
    * fuera del alcance de las posibilidades de Alguien = beyond + Posesivo + powers.
    * fuera del alcance del oído = out of earshot.
    * fuera de las normas comúnmente aceptadas = beyond the pale.
    * fuera de la universidad = off-campus.
    * fuera de la vista = out of view.
    * fuera del campus = off-campus.
    * fuera del control de = beyond the control of.
    * fuera del escenario = off stage.
    * fuera del horario normal = out of hours, at odd times.
    * fuera de línea = offline [off-line].
    * fuera del matrimonio = out of wedlock.
    * fuera de lo común = eccentric, odd, unordinary, out of the ordinary, a cut above the rest, a cut above.
    * fuera de lo normal = abnormally + Adjetivo, with a difference, unordinary, out of the ordinary.
    * fuera de los caminos trillados = off the beaten track.
    * fuera del redil = beyond the pale.
    * fuera de lugar = out of place, without + Lugar, uncalled-for.
    * fuera de onda con los tiempos modernos = out of keeping with the times, out of tune with the times.
    * fuera de peligro = out of the woods, out of harm's way.
    * fuera de plazo = late.
    * fuera de + Posesivo + competencia = outside + Posesivo + jurisdiction.
    * fuera de + Posesivo + control = beyond + Posesivo + control.
    * fuera de quicio = pissed off, out of + Posesivo + mind, out of + Posesivo + senses.
    * fuera de rumbo = off course.
    * fuera de secuencia = out of range.
    * fuera de serie = crackerjack.
    * fuera de servicio = off-duty, decomissioned, out of commission.
    * fuera de temporada = off-season, out of season.
    * fuera de tino = wide of the mark.
    * fuera de toda duda = incontrovertible, without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt.
    * fuera de toda sospecha = above suspicion.
    * gol fuera de juego = offside goal.
    * hacia dentro y hacia fuera = Verbo + in and out.
    * hacia fuera = outwards.
    * impresión fuera de línea = offline print.
    * mantener Algo fuera de peligro = keep + Nombre + out of harm's way.
    * mina fuera de ruta = roadside bomb.
    * partido que se juega fuera de casa = away game.
    * pitar fuera de juego = judge + offside.
    * poner fuera de combate = lay + Nombre + low.
    * por fuera = outwardly, outwardly.
    * proyectar hacia fuera = project + outward.
    * salir fuera = be out and about, get out and about.
    * sentirse fuera de lugar = feel + inadequate.
    * sin dejar nada fuera = the works!.
    * tarifa por inscripción fuera de plazo = late registration fee.
    * tiempo fuera de servicio = downtime.
    * trabajar a horas fuera de lo normal = work + unsocial hours.
    * un día fuera = a day out.
    * usar fuera de contexto = use + out of context.

    * * *
    A
    el perro duerme fuera the dog sleeps outside
    aquí fuera se está muy bien it's very nice out here
    comeremos fuera (en el jardín) we'll eat out in the garden o outside o outdoors; (en un restaurante) we'll eat out
    queremos pintar la casa por fuera we want to paint the outside o the exterior of the house
    por fuera es rojo it's red on the outside
    cose/lava para fuera she does sewing for other people/takes in washing
    2 (en el extranjero) abroad, out of the country; (del lugar de trabajo, de la ciudad, etc) away
    los de fuera (los extranjeros) foreigners; (los de otros pueblos, ciudades, etc) outsiders
    3
    (en interjecciones): ¡fuera de aquí! get out of here!, get out!
    ¡fuera los traidores! traitors out!
    ¡fuera cuentos! ¡a la escuela! ( Esp); no more excuses o that's enough of your excuses, off to school with you!
    en sus marcas, listos, ¡fuera! ( Méx); on your marks, get set, go!
    B
    1
    (en el exterior de, más allá de): ¿quién dejó el helado fuera del congelador? who left the ice cream out of the freezer?
    pasa mucho tiempo fuera del país he spends a lot of time out of the country o abroad
    ocurrió fuera del edificio it happened outside the building
    el precio está fuera de mi alcance it's out of my price range
    ponlo fuera del alcance de los niños put it out of reach of the children, put it out of the children's reach
    fuera del alcance de los proyectiles outside o beyond the range of the missiles
    2 (excepto) apart from
    fuera de estos zapatos, no me he comprado nada I haven't bought myself anything, apart from o except for these shoes
    fuera de eso, me encuentro bien apart from that o otherwise o ( AmE) aside from that, I feel fine
    3
    (además): fuera de que su padre tampoco se lo permitiría besides which o apart from which her father wouldn't allow it anyway
    fuera de combate: lo dejó fuera de combate ( Dep) he knocked him out
    tras el escándalo quedó fuera de combate after the scandal he was out of the running, the scandal knocked o put him out of the running
    fuera de concurso: quedó fuera de concurso he was disqualified
    su película se presentó fuera de concurso his movie was shown outside the competition
    fuera de la ley: vivían fuera de la ley they lived outside the law o as outlaws
    fuera de lugar ‹mueble/persona› out of place;
    ‹comentario› inappropriate, out of place
    estuvo totalmente fuera de lugar que lo interrumpieras así it was completely out of order to interrupt him like that
    fuera de peligro out of danger
    fuera de serie ‹jugador/cantante› exceptional, outstanding;
    ‹máquina/mueble› custom-built, one-off
    un verano fuera de serie an exceptionally good summer
    fuera de sí: estaba fuera de sí he was beside himself
    fuera de temporada or estación out of season
    Compuestos:
    masculine (pl fuera de borda) (lancha) outboard, boat with an outboard motor o engine; (motor) outboard motor o engine, outboard
    masculine offside
    estaba en fuera de juego he was offside
    su nuevo chef es un fuera de serie their new chef is exceptionally good o is quite exceptional o is outstanding
    fuera2, fuéramos, etc
    ir, ser1 (↑ ser (1))
    * * *

     

    Del verbo ir: ( conjugate ir)

    fuera es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) imperfecto(1) subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperfecto(1) subjuntivo

    Del verbo ser: ( conjugate ser)

    fuera es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) imperfecto(1) subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperfecto(1) subjuntivo

    Multiple Entries:
    fuera    
    ir    
    ser
    fuera adverbio
    1
    a) (lugar, parte) Latin American Spanish also uses

    ◊ afuera in this sense outside;

    comeremos fuera ( en el jardín) we'll eat outside;

    ( en un restaurante) we'll eat out;

    aquí fuera se está muy bien it's very nice out here;
    se pasa el día fuera she's out all day

    (del lugar de trabajo, de la ciudad, etc) away
    2

    a) (en el exterior de, más allá de) out of;


    ocurrió fuera del edificio it happened outside the building;
    fuera de peligro/lugar out of danger/place;
    ¡fuera (de aquí)! get out (of here)!

    ◊ fuera de eso, me encuentro bien apart o (AmE) aside from that, I feel fine

    3 ( en otras locs):
    ◊ fuera de combate: lo dejó fuera de combate (Dep) he knocked him out;

    fuera de serie ‹jugador/cantante› exceptional, outstanding;
    fuera de sí: estaba fuera de sí he was beside himself;
    fuera de temporada out of season
    ir ( conjugate ir) verbo intransitivo
    1
    a) (trasladarse, desplazarse) to go;


    iban a caballo/a pie they were on horseback/on foot;
    fuera por mar to go by sea;
    ¡Fernando! — ¡voy! Fernando! — (just) coming! o I'll be right there!;
    el fuera y venir de los invitados the coming and going of the guests;
    vamos a casa let's go home;
    ¿adónde va este tren? where's this train going (to)?;
    fuera de compras/de caza to go shopping/hunting;
    ya vamos para allá we're on our way;
    ¿por dónde se va a …? how do you get to …?;
    fuera por or (Esp) a por algo/algn to go to get sth/sb;
    voy (a) por pan I'm going to get some bread


    ya va al colegio she's already at school
    2 ( expresando propósito) fuera a + inf:
    ◊ ¿has ido a verla? have you been to see her?;

    ve a ayudarla go and help her;
    ver tb fuera v aux 1
    3 (al arrojar algo, arrojarse):
    ◊ tírame la llave — ¡allá va! throw me the key — here you are o there you go!;

    tírate del trampolín — ¡allá voy! jump off the board! — here I go/come!
    4 [ comentario]:

    eso va por ti también that goes for you too, and the same goes for you
    1 (+ compl) ( sin énfasis en el movimiento):

    ¿van cómodos? are you comfortable?;
    íbamos sentados we were sitting down;
    vas muy cargada you have a lot to carry;
    yo iba a la cabeza I was in the lead
    2 ( refiriéndose al atuendo):

    voy a fuera de Drácula I'm going to go as Dracula;
    iba de verde she was dressed in green
    3 ( en calidad de) fuera de algo to go (along) as sth;

    1 [camino/sendero] ( llevar) fuera a algo to lead to sth, to go to sth
    2 (extenderse, abarcar):

    el período que va desde … hasta … the period from … to …
    1 (marchar, desarrollarse):
    ◊ ¿cómo va el nuevo trabajo? how's the new job going?;

    va de mal en peor it's going from bad to worse;
    ¿cómo te va? how's it going?, how are things? (colloq), what's up? (AmE colloq);
    ¿cómo les fue en Italia? how was Italy?, how did you get on in Italy?;
    me fue mal/bien en el examen I did badly/well in the exam;
    ¡que te vaya bien! all the best!, take care!;
    ¡que te vaya bien (en) el examen! good luck in the exam
    2 ( en competiciones):
    ◊ ¿cómo van? — 3-1 what's the score? — 3-1;

    voy ganando yo I'm ahead, I'm winning
    3 ( en el desarrollo de algo):
    ◊ ¿por dónde van en historia? where have you got (up) to in history?;

    ¿todavía vas por la página 20? are you still on page 20?
    4 ( estar en camino):
    ◊ ¡vamos para viejos! we're getting on o old!;

    va para los cincuenta she's going on fifty;
    ya va para dos años que … it's getting on for two years since …
    5 (sumar, hacer):

    con este van seis six, counting this one
    6 ( haber transcurrido): en lo que va del or (Esp) de año/mes so far this year/month
    1 ( deber colocarse) to go;
    ◊ ¿dónde van las toallas? where do the towels go?;

    ¡qué va! (fam): ¿has terminado? — ¡qué va! have you finished? — you must be joking!;
    ¿se disgustó? — ¡qué va! did she get upset? — not at all!;
    vamos a perder el avión — ¡qué va! we're going to miss the plane — no way!
    2
    a) ( combinar) fuera con algo to go with sth

    b) (sentar bien, convenir) (+ me/te/le etc):


    te fueraá bien un descanso a rest will do you good
    3 (Méx) (tomar partido por, apoyar) fuerale a algo/algn to support sth/sb;

    1
    ◊ vamos

    a) (expresando incredulidad, fastidio):

    ◊ ¡vamos! ¿eso quién se lo va a creer? come off it o come on! who do you think's going to believe that?

    b) (intentando tranquilizar, animar, dar prisa):

    ◊ vamos, mujer, dile algo go on, say something to him;

    ¡vamos, date prisa! come on, hurry up!
    c) (al aclarar, resumir):

    ◊ eso sería un disparate, vamos, digo yo that would be a stupid thing to do, well, that's what I think anyway;

    vamos, que no es una persona de fiar basically, he's not very trustworthy;
    es mejor que el otro, vamos it's better than the other one, anyway
    2
    ◊ vaya

    a) (expresando sorpresa, contrariedad):

    ◊ ¡vaya! ¡tú por aquí! what a surprise! what are you doing here?;

    ¡vaya! ¡se ha vuelto a caer! oh no o (colloq) damn! it's fallen over again!
    b) (Esp) ( para enfatizar):

    ◊ ¡vaya cochazo! what a car!

    fuera v aux fuera a + inf:
    1
    a) (para expresar tiempo futuro, propósito) to be going to + inf;


    va a hacer dos años que … it's getting on for two years since …
    b) (en propuestas, sugerencias):

    ◊ vamos a ver ¿cómo dices que te llamas? now then, what did you say your name was?;

    bueno, vamos a trabajar all right, let's get to work
    2 (al prevenir, hacer recomendaciones):

    cuidado, no te vayas a caer mind you don't fall (colloq);
    lleva el paraguas, no vaya a ser que llueva take the umbrella, in case it rains
    3 ( expresando un proceso paulatino):

    ya puedes fuera haciéndote a la idea you'd better get used to the idea;
    la situación ha ido empeorando the situation has been getting worse and worse
    irse verbo pronominal
    1 ( marcharse) to leave;
    ◊ ¿por qué te vas tan temprano? why are you leaving o going so soon?;

    vámonos let's go;
    bueno, me voy right then, I'm taking off (AmE) o (BrE) I'm off;
    no te vayas don't go;
    vete a la cama go to bed;
    se fue de casa/de la empresa she left home/the company;
    vete de aquí get out of here;
    se han ido de viaje they're away, they've gone away
    2 (consumirse, gastarse):
    ◊ ¡cómo se va el dinero! I don't know where the money goes!;

    se me va medio sueldo en el alquiler half my salary goes on the rent
    3 ( desaparecer) [mancha/dolor] to go;


    (+ me/te/le etc)
    ◊ ¿se te ha ido el dolor de cabeza? has your headache gone?

    4 (salirse, escaparse) [líquido/gas] to escape;
    ◊ se le está yendo el aire al globo the balloon's losing air o going down

    5 (caerse, perder el equilibrio) (+ compl):
    ◊ fuerase de boca/espaldas to fall flat on one's face/back;

    me iba para atrás I was falling backwards;
    frenó y nos fuimos todos para adelante he braked and we all went flying forwards
    ser ( conjugate ser) cópula
    1 ( seguido de adjetivos) to be
    ◊ ser expresses identity or nature as opposed to condition or state, which is normally conveyed by estar. The examples given below should be contrasted with those to be found in estar 1 cópula 1 es bajo/muy callado he's short/very quiet;

    es sorda de nacimiento she was born deaf;
    es inglés/católico he's English/(a) Catholic;
    era cierto it was true;
    sé bueno, estate quieto be a good boy and keep still;
    que seas muy feliz I hope you'll be very happy;

    (+ me/te/le etc)

    ver tb imposible, difícil etc
    2 ( hablando de estado civil) to be;

    es viuda she's a widow;
    ver tb estar 1 cópula 2
    3 (seguido de nombre, pronombre) to be;

    ábreme, soy yo open the door, it's me
    4 (con predicado introducido por `de'):

    soy de Córdoba I'm from Cordoba;
    es de los vecinos it belongs to the neighbors, it's the neighbors';
    no soy de aquí I'm not from around here
    5 (hipótesis, futuro):

    ¿será cierto? can it be true?
    verbo intransitivo
    1

    b) (liter) ( en cuentos):

    ◊ érase una vez … once upon a time there was …

    2
    a) (tener lugar, ocurrir):


    ¿dónde fue el accidente? where did the accident happen?

    ◊ ¿qué habrá sido de él? I wonder what happened to o what became of him;

    ¿qué es de Marisa? (fam) what's Marisa up to (these days)? (colloq);
    ¿qué va a ser de nosotros? what will become of us?
    3 ( sumar):
    ◊ ¿cuánto es (todo)? how much is that (altogether)?;

    son 3.000 pesos that'll be o that's 3,000 pesos;
    somos diez en total there are ten of us altogether
    4 (indicando finalidad, adecuación) fuera para algo to be for sth;

    ( en locs)
    ◊ a no ser que (+ subj) unless;

    ¿cómo es eso? why is that?, how come? (colloq);
    como/cuando/donde sea: tengo que conseguir ese trabajo como sea I have to get that job no matter what;
    hazlo como sea, pero hazlo do it any way o however you want but get it done;
    el lunes o cuando sea next Monday or whenever;
    puedo dormir en el sillón o donde sea I can sleep in the armchair or wherever you like o anywhere you like;
    de ser así (frml) should this be so o the case (frml);
    ¡eso es! that's it!, that's right!;
    es que …: ¿es que no lo saben? do you mean to say they don't know?;
    es que no sé nadar the thing is I can't swim;
    lo que sea: cómete una manzana, o lo que sea have an apple or something;
    estoy dispuesta a hacer lo que sea I'm prepared to do whatever it takes;
    o sea: en febrero, o sea hace un mes in February, that is to say a month ago;
    o sea que no te interesa in other words, you're not interested;
    o sea que nunca lo descubriste so you never found out;
    (ya) sea …, (ya) sea … either …, or …;
    sea como sea at all costs;
    sea cuando sea whenever it is;
    sea donde sea no matter where;
    sea quien sea whoever it is;
    si no fuera/hubiera sido por … if it wasn't o weren't/hadn't been for …
    ( en el tiempo) to be;
    ◊ ¿qué fecha es hoy? what's the date today?, what's today's date;

    serían las cuatro cuando llegó it must have been (about) four (o'clock) when she arrived;
    ver tb v impers
    fuera v impers to be;

    fuera v aux ( en la voz pasiva) to be;
    fue construido en 1900 it was built in 1900
    ■ sustantivo masculino
    1
    a) ( ente) being;

    ◊ fuera humano/vivo human/living being

    b) (individuo, persona):


    2 ( naturaleza):

    fuera adverbio
    1 (en/hacia la parte exterior) outside, out: fuera hacía mucho calor, it was hot outside
    salgamos fuera, let's go out
    2 (no en el lugar habitual) out, away: comeremos fuera, we'll go out for lunch
    está fuera, she's away
    3 Dep fuera de juego, offside
    nuestro equipo juega fuera, our team is playing away
    ganaron los de fuera, the away team won
    4 (sobrepasando límites prescritos) after
    fuera de alcance, out of reach
    fuera de horario, after hours
    fuera de plazo, after the deadline
    (más allá) beyond, out of
    fuera de mis posiblidades, beyond my means
    fuera de peligro, out of danger
    ♦ Locuciones: estar fuera de sí, to be beside oneself
    fuera de serie, extraordinary
    ir
    I verbo intransitivo
    1 (dirigirse a un lugar) to go: ¡vamos!, let's go!
    voy a París, I'm going to Paris ➣ Ver nota en go
    2 (acudir regularmente) to go: va al colegio, he goes to school
    van a misa, they go to church
    3 (conducir a) to lead, go to: el sendero va a la mina, the path goes to the mine
    esta carretera va a Londres, this road leads to London
    4 (abarcar) to cover: la finca va desde la alambrada al camino, the estate extends from the wire fence to the path
    las lecciones que van desde la página 1 a la 53, the lessons on pages 1 to 53
    5 (guardarse habitualmente) va al lado de éste, it goes beside this one
    6 (mantener una posición) to be: va el primero, he's in first place
    7 (tener un estado de ánimo, una apariencia) to be: iba furioso/radiante, he was furious/radiant
    vas muy guapa, you look very smart o pretty
    8 (desenvolverse) ¿cómo te va?, how are things? o how are you doing?
    ¿cómo te va en el nuevo trabajo?, how are you getting on in your new job?
    9 (funcionar) to work (properly): el reloj no va, the clock doesn't go o work
    10 (sentar bien) to suit: ese corte de pelo no te va nada, that haircut doesn't suit you at all
    11 (combinar) to match, go: el rojo no va con el celeste, red doesn't go with pale blue
    12 (vestir) to wear
    ir con abrigo, to wear a coat
    ir de negro/de uniforme, to be dressed in black/in uniform
    la niña irá de enfermera, the little girl will dress up as a nurse
    13 fam (importar, concernir) to concern: eso va por ti también, and the same goes for you
    ni me va ni me viene, I don't care one way or the other
    14 (apostar) to bet: va un café a que no viene, I bet a coffee that he won't come
    15 (ir + de) fam (comportarse de cierto modo) to act
    ir de listo por la vida, to be a smart ass
    (tratar) to be about: ¿de qué va la película?, what's the film about?
    16 (ir + detrás de) to be looking for: hace tiempo que voy detrás de un facsímil de esa edición, I've been after a facsimile of that edition for a long time
    17 (ir + por) ir por la derecha, to keep (to the) right
    (ir a buscar) ve por agua, go and fetch some water
    (haber llegado) voy por la página noventa, I've got as far as page ninety
    18 (ir + para) (tener casi, estar cercano a) va para los cuarenta, she's getting on for forty
    ya voy para viejo, I'm getting old
    (encaminarse a) iba para ingeniero, she was studying to be an engineer
    este niño va para médico, this boy's going to become a doctor
    II verbo auxiliar
    1 (ir + gerundio) va mejorando, he's improving
    ir caminando, to go on foot
    2 (ir + pp) ya van estrenadas tres películas de Almodóvar, three films by Almodovar have already been released
    3 ( ir a + infinitivo) iba a decir que, I was going to say that
    va a esquiar, she goes skiing
    va a nevar, it's going to snow
    vas a caerte, you'll fall
    ♦ Locuciones: a eso iba, I was coming to that
    ¡ahí va!, catch!
    en lo que va de año, so far this year
    ¡qué va!, of course not! o nothing of the sort!
    ¡vamos a ver!, let's see!
    van a lo suyo, they look after their own interests
    ¡vaya!, fancy that
    ¡vaya cochazo!, what a car!
    ir a parar, to end up
    ser
    I sustantivo masculino
    1 being: es un ser despreciable, he's despicable
    ser humano, human being
    ser vivo, living being
    2 (esencia) essence: eso forma parte de su ser, that is part of him
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 (cualidad) to be: eres muy modesto, you are very modest
    2 (fecha) to be: hoy es lunes, today is Monday
    ya es la una, it's one o'clock
    3 (cantidad) eran unos cincuenta, there were about fifty people
    (al pagar) ¿cuánto es?, how much is it?
    son doscientas, it is two hundred pesetas
    Mat dos y tres son cinco, two and three make five
    4 (causa) aquella mujer fue su ruina, that woman was his ruin
    5 (oficio) to be a(n): Elvira es enfermera, Elvira is a nurse
    6 (pertenencia) esto es mío, that's mine
    es de Pedro, it is Pedro's
    7 (afiliación) to belong: es del partido, he's a member of the party
    es un chico del curso superior, he is a boy from the higher year
    8 (origen) es de Málaga, she is from Málaga
    ¿de dónde es esta fruta? where does this fruit come from?
    9 (composición, material) to be made of: este jersey no es de lana, this sweater is not (made of) wool
    10 ser de, (afinidad, comparación) lo que hizo fue de tontos, what she did was a foolish thing
    11 (existir) Madrid ya no es lo que era, Madrid isn't what it used to be
    12 (suceder) ¿qué fue de ella?, what became of her?
    13 (tener lugar) to be: esta tarde es el entierro, the funeral is this evening 14 ser para, (finalidad) to be for: es para pelar patatas, it's for peeling potatoes
    (adecuación, aptitud) no es una película para niños, the film is not suitable for children
    esta vida no es para ti, this kind of life is not for you
    15 (efecto) era para llorar, it was painful
    es (como) para darle una bofetada, it makes me want to slap his face
    no es para tomárselo a broma, it is no joke
    16 (auxiliar en pasiva) to be: fuimos rescatados por la patrulla de la Cruz Roja, we were rescued by the Red Cross patrol
    17 ser de (+ infinitivo) era de esperar que se marchase, it was to be expected that she would leave
    ♦ Locuciones: a no ser que, unless
    como sea, anyhow
    de no ser por..., had it not been for
    es más, furthermore
    es que..., it's just that...
    lo que sea, whatever
    o sea, that is (to say)
    sea como sea, in any case o be that as it may
    ser de lo que no hay, to be the limit
    ' fuera' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    alcance
    - balón
    - biruji
    - borda
    - combate
    - convencer
    - dejar
    - desencajada
    - desencajado
    - desentonar
    - desleal
    - desplazada
    - desplazado
    - destiempo
    - duda
    - espuela
    - extemporánea
    - extemporáneo
    - exterior
    - extraescolar
    - fenomenal
    - haber
    - juego
    - lengua
    - lógica
    - lugar
    - mayoría
    - necesaria
    - necesario
    - onda
    - plazo
    - proscrita
    - proscrito
    - quicio
    - revés
    - salir
    - serie
    - servicio
    - tono
    - única
    - único
    - afuera
    - anhelar
    - cena
    - comer
    - común
    - cual
    - desnivelado
    - esperar
    - lancha
    English:
    add to
    - amok
    - annul
    - around-the clock
    - away
    - beside
    - beyond
    - boot
    - bound
    - busing
    - care
    - catapult
    - chase away
    - clear
    - commission
    - control
    - danger
    - dine
    - distraught
    - dome
    - eat out
    - ex
    - exclude
    - farm out
    - go out
    - hand
    - here
    - house-sit
    - lest
    - look out
    - meal
    - misplaced
    - off-duty
    - off-limits
    - off-piste
    - off-screen
    - offside
    - one-off
    - ordinary
    - original
    - out
    - out of
    - out-of-bounds
    - outdoors
    - outside
    - outward
    - outwards
    - piste
    - place
    - play
    * * *
    ♦
    1. ver ir
    2. ver ser
    ♦ adv
    1. [en el exterior] outside;
    hace frío fuera it's cold outside;
    lo echó fuera she threw him out;
    salen mucho a comer fuera they eat out a lot;
    fuera de la casa outside the house;
    el ruido viene de fuera the noise is coming from outside;
    hacia fuera outwards;
    sólo vimos la catedral por fuera we only saw the cathedral from the outside;
    llevas la camisa por fuera your shirt isn't tucked in properly;
    por fuera es de color amarillo it's yellow on the outside
    2. [en otro lugar] away;
    [en el extranjero] abroad;
    de fuera [extranjero] from abroad;
    Marta está fuera [de viaje] Marta is away;
    [ha salido] Marta is out;
    a los de fuera les sorprenden mucho las costumbres locales people who aren't from round here o strangers find the local customs very strange
    3.
    fuera de [alcance, peligro] out of;
    [cálculos, competencia] outside;
    estar fuera de sí to be beside oneself (with rage);
    ese comentario está fuera de lugar that remark is out of place;
    fuera de plazo after the closing date;
    fuera de la ley illegal;
    fuera de control out of control;
    presentó su película fuera de concurso his film was shown, but not judged as part of the competition
    4. Dep [de límites]
    la pelota salió fuera the ball went out (of play)
    fuera de banda out of play;
    fuera de combate knocked out;
    Fig out of action;
    fuera de juego offside;
    estar en fuera de juego to be offside;
    Esp Am fuera de lugar offside; Am
    5. Dep [en campo ajeno] away;
    jugar fuera to play away (from home);
    el equipo de fuera the away team
    6.
    fuera de [excepto] except for, apart from;
    fuera de eso, he cumplido todos tus caprichos apart from that, I've done everything you wanted me to;
    fuera de bromas, ¿has fijado ya una fecha para la boda? seriously though o joking apart, have you set a date for the wedding yet?;
    fuera de serie exceptional, out of the ordinary;
    ser un fuera de serie to be one of a kind
    ♦ interj
    [de habitación, lugar] get out!; [en el teatro] get off!;
    ¡fuera, fuera, fuera! [cántico] off!, off!, off!;
    ¡fuera los políticos corruptos! out with all corrupt politicians!;
    ¡fuera de aquí! get out of my sight!
    * * *
    I vb → ir, ser
    II adv outside; (en otro lugar) away; (en otro país) abroad;
    por fuera on the outside;
    de fuera de otro departamento, cuerpo de policía etc from outside, outside atr ; de otro lugar strange; persona stranger; de otro país foreign; persona foreigner;
    ¡fuera! get out!
    III prp
    :
    fuera de outside;
    ¡sal fuera de aquí! get out of here!;
    está fuera del país he’s abroad, he’s out of the country;
    fuera de eso aside from that, apart from that;
    estar fuera de sí be beside o.s.
    * * *
    fuera adv
    1) : outside, out
    2) : abroad, away
    3)
    fuera de : outside of, out of, beyond
    4)
    fuera de : besides, in addition to
    fuera de eso: aside from that
    5)
    fuera de lugar : out of place, amiss
    * * *
    fuera1 adv
    1. (en el exterior) outside
    2. (no en casa, no en su sitio) out
    ¿quién ha dejado la leche fuera de la nevera? who left the milk out of the fridge?
    4. (del país) abroad
    fuera2 interj
    2. (para protestar) off! / out!

    Spanish-English dictionary > fuera

  • 5 अधस् _adhas _अधः _adhḥ

    अधस् अधः ind. [अधर-असि, अधरशव्दस्थाने अध् आदेशः P.V.3.39.]
    1 Below, down; पतत्यधो धाम विसारि सर्वतः Śi.1.2; in lower region, to the infernal regions or hell; व्यसन्यधो$धो व्रजति स्वर्यात्यव्यसनी मृतः Ms.7.53. (According to the context अधः may have the sense of the nominative, ˚अङ्कुशः &c.; ablative, अधो वृक्षात् पतति; or locative, अधो गृहे शेते).
    -2 Beneath, under, used like a preposition with gen.; तरूणाम्˚ Ś.1.14; rarely with abl. also; बाहित्थं तु ततो$प्यधः Hemachandra; (when repeated) lower and lower, down and down; अधोधः पश्यतः कस्य महिमा नोपचीयते H.2.2; यात्यधोधो- व्रजत्युच्चैर्नरः स्वैरेव कर्मभिः H.2.47; अधोधो गङ्गेयं पदमुपगता स्तोकं Bh.2.1; from under, just below (with acc.); नवानधो$धो बृहतः पयोधरान् Śi.1.4. In comp. with nouns अधः has the sense of (a) lower, under, as ˚भुवनं, ˚लोकः the lower world; ˚वासः or ˚अंशुकम् an under-garment; or (b) the lower part; ˚कायः the lower part of the body; अधःकृ means to surpass, eclipse, overcome, vanquish, despise, scorn; तपः शरीरैः कठिनैरुपार्जितं तपस्विनां दूरमधश्चकार सा Ku.5.29; अधःकृताशेषान्तःपुरेण K.177; ˚कृतकुसुमायुधं 179; Śi.1.35; क्षितिप्रतिष्ठो$पि मुखारविन्दैवर्धूजनश्च- न्द्रमधश्चकार 3.52; ˚कृतैनसः Śi.16.8. dispelled. (c) अधस्, अधस्तात् -Pudendum muliebre.
    -Comp. -अक्ष a. situated below the axle or car. (
    -क्षम्) adv. below the car, under the axle.
    -अक्षजः [अक्षात् इन्द्रियाज्वायते इति अक्षजं प्रत्यक्षज्ञानम्, तदधरं ग्राहकत्वाभावात् हीनं यस्य सः Tv.; अधःकृतं अक्षजम् इन्द्रियज्ञानं येन Malli.] N. of Viṣṇu; other etymolo- gies of the name are also found; (1) अधो न क्षीयते जातु यस्मात्तस्मादधोक्षजः; (2) द्यौरक्षं पृथिवी चाधस्तयोर्यस्मादजायत । मध्ये वैराजरूपेण ततो$धोक्षज इष्यते ॥
    -अधस् See above.
    -उपास- नम् sexual intercourse.
    -अङ्गम्, -द्वारम्, -मर्म the anus; Pudendum Muliebre.
    -करः the lower part of the hand (करभ).
    -करणम् excelling, defeating, degrada- tion; K.22; so ˚क्रिया; सहते न जनोप्यधःक्रियाम् Ki.2.47. degradation, dishonour.
    -खननम् undermining.
    -गतिः f.,
    गमनम् -पातः 1 a downward fall or motion, descent; going downwards.
    -2 degradation, downfall, going to perdition or hell; मूलानामधोगतिः K.41 (where ˚ति has both senses); ˚तिम् आयाति Pt.1.15 sinks, comes down (feels dishonoured); Ms.3.17; अरक्षितारमत्तारं नृपं विद्याद- धोगतिम् 8.39 destined to go to hell.
    -गन्तृ m. one who digs downwards. a mouse.
    -ग-घ-ण्टा [अधरात् अधस्तादा- रभ्य घण्टेव तदाकारफलत्वात्] a plant Achyranthes Aspera (अपामार्ग. Mar. आघाडा).
    -चरः [अधः खनित्वा चरति-अच्]
    1 thief.
    -2 one who goes downwards.
    -जानु n. the lower part of the knee. -ind. below the knee.
    -जिह्विका [अल्पा जिह्वा जिह्विका, अधरा जिह्विका] the uvula (Mar. पडजीभ).
    -तलम् the lower part or surface; शय्या˚, खट्वा˚.
    -दिश् f. the lower region, the nadir; the southern direction.
    -दृष्टि a. casting a downward look, a posture in Yoga; करणान्यबहिष्कृत्य स्थाणुवन्निश्चलात्मकः । आत्मानं हृदये ध्यायेत् नासाग्रन्यस्तलोचनः ॥ इति योगसारे. cf. also Ku.3.47. (
    -ष्टिः) a downward look.
    -पदं [अधोवृत्ति पदं, पादस्याधःस्थानं वा] the place under the foot, a lower place.
    -पातः = ˚गति q. v. above.
    -पुष्पी [अधोमुखानि पुष्पाणि यस्याः] Names of two plants अवाक्- पुष्पी (Pimpinella Anisum) and गोजिह्वा Elephantopus (Seaber).
    -प्रस्तरः a seat of grass for persons in mourning to sit upon.
    -भक्तम् [अधरं भक्तं यस्मात्] a dose of water, medicine &c. to be taken after meals &c. (भोजनान्ते पीयमानं जलादिकम्).
    -भागः 1 the lower part (of the body); पूर्वभागो गुरुः पुंसामधोभागस्तु योषितां Suśr.
    -2 the lower part of any thing, the region below, down below; ˚व्यवस्थितं किंचित्पुरमालोकितं Pt.1. situated down below, See पाताल.
    -भूः f. lower ground, land at the foot of a hill.
    -मुख, -वदन a. having the face downwards; ˚खी तिष्ठति; ˚खैः पत्रिभिः R.3.37.
    -2 head-long, precipitate, flying downwards.
    -3 upside down, topsyturvy. (
    -खः) N. of Viṣṇu. (
    -खा, -खी) N. of a plant गोजिह्वा. (
    -खम्) (नक्षत्रम्)
    1 flying downwards, having a downward motion; these nakṣatras are: मूलाश्लेषा कृत्तिका च विशाखा भरणी तथा । मघा पूर्वात्रयं चैव अधोमुखगणः स्मृतः ॥ Jyotiṣa.
    -2 N. of a hell.
    -यन्त्रम् a still.
    -रक्तपित्तम् discharge of blood from the anus and urethra.
    -राम a. [अधोभागे रामः शुक्लः, दृष्टितर्पकत्वात् तस्य रामत्वम्] having a white colour or white marks on the lower part of the body (said of a goat);
    -लम्बः 1 a plummet.
    -2 a per- pendicular.
    -3 the lower world.
    -वर्चस् a. strong 3in the lower regions; whose lustre penetrates downwards.
    -वशः Pudendum Muliebre.
    -वायुः [अधोगामी वायुः शाक. त.] breaking wind, flatulency.
    -वेदः to marry a second wife when the first is alive.
    -शय, -य्य a. sleeping on the ground. (
    -य्या) sleeping on the ground; अग्नीन्धनं भैक्षचर्यामधःशय्यां गुरोर्हितए । आसमावर्तनात् कुर्यात्कृतोपनयनो द्विजः ॥ Ms.2.18.
    -शिरस् a.
    -मुख (n.) N. of a hell.
    -स्थ, स्थित a. situated below,
    -स्वस्तिकम् the nadir.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > अधस् _adhas _अधः _adhḥ

  • 6 labor

    1.
    lābor, lapsus ( inf. parag. labier, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 94; part. labundus, Att. ap. Non. 504, 31; Trag. Fragm. v. 570 Rib.), 3, v. dep. n. [cf. lăbo; Sanscr. lamb- (ramb-), to glide, fall], to move gently along a smooth surface, to fall, slide; to slide, slip, or glide down, to fall down, to sink as the beginning of a fall; constr. absol., or with ad, in, inter, per, sub, super, ab, de, ex, or with abl. alone.
    I.
    Lit.
    A.
    In gen.
    1.
    Of living beings:

    non squamoso labuntur ventre cerastae,

    Prop. 3 (4), 22, 27:

    per sinus crebros et magna volumina labens,

    Ov. M. 15, 721:

    pigraque labatur circa donaria serpens,

    Ov. Am. 2, 13, 13:

    ille inter vestes et levia pectora lapsus volvitur,

    Verg. A. 7, 349: (angues) in diversum lapsi, Jul. Obseq. 119.—Of floating:

    ut rate felice pacata per aequora labar,

    Ov. H. 10, 65:

    dum Stygio gurgite labor,

    id. M. 5, 504:

    tua labens navita aqua,

    Prop. 2, 26 (3, 21), 8.—Of flying:

    tollunt se celeres, liquidumque per aera lapsae,

    Verg. A. 6, 202:

    vade, age, nate, voca Zephyros et labere pennis,

    id. ib. 4, 223:

    pennis lapsa per auras,

    Ov. M. 8, 51:

    labere, nympha, polo,

    Verg. A. 11, 588.—Of sinking, slipping down:

    labor, io! cara lumina conde manu,

    Ov. A. A. 7, 342:

    labitur infelix (equus),

    Verg. G. 3, 498; cf. Luc. 5, 799:

    labitur exsanguis,

    Verg. A. 11, 818; 5, 181:

    super terram,

    Ov. M. 13, 477:

    equo,

    Hor. S. 2, 1, 15:

    temone,

    Verg. A. 12, 470 [p. 1024] limite, Luc. 9, 712:

    in vulnera,

    id. 7, 604:

    in colla mariti,

    Val. Fl. 2, 425:

    alieno vulnere,

    Luc. 2, 265:

    in rivo,

    Cic. Fat. 3, 5:

    pondere lapsi pectoris arma sonant,

    Luc. 7, 572.—

    Of gliding upwards: celeri fuga sub sidera,

    Verg. A. 3, 243.—
    2.
    Of things:

    splendida signa videntur labier,

    Lucr. 4, 445; Cic. Tusc. 4, 18, 42:

    umor in genas Furtim labitur,

    Hor. C. 1, 13, 7:

    stellas Praecipites caelo labi,

    Verg. G. 1, 366:

    perque genas lacrimae labuntur,

    Ov. H. 7, 185; id. M. 2, 656:

    lapsi de fontibus amnes,

    id. ib. 13, 954; cf.:

    catenae lapsae lacertis sponte sua,

    id. ib. 3, 699:

    lapsuram domum subire,

    about to tumble down, id. Ib. 511; Luc. 1, 25; cf.

    with cado: multa in silvis Lapsa cadunt folia,

    Verg. A. 6, 310:

    ipsaque in Oceanum sidera lapsa cadunt,

    Prop. 4 (5), 4, 64:

    lapsis repente saxis,

    Tac. A. 4, 59:

    ab arbore ramus,

    Ov. M. 3, 410.—Of the eyes, to fall, close:

    labentes, oculos condere,

    Ov. Tr. 3, 3, 44:

    lumina,

    Verg. A. 11, 818; Prop. 1, 10, 7; 2, 5, 17.—
    B.
    Transf.
    1.
    To glide away, glide along, slip or haste away: labitur uncta carina: volat super impetus undas, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 379 Vahl.); so id. ap. Isid. Orig. 19, 1 (Ann. v. 476 Vahl.); cf.:

    labitur uncta vadis abies,

    Verg. A. 8, 91; Cic. Ac. 1, 8, 31:

    sidera, quae vaga et mutabili ratione labuntur,

    id. Univ. 10.—Esp., of a transition in discourse, to pass:

    a dispositione ad elocutionis praecepta labor,

    Quint. 7, 10, 17.—
    2.
    To slip away, escape:

    lapsus custodiā,

    Tac. A. 5, 10; 11, 31:

    e manibus custodientium lapsus,

    Curt. 3, 13, 3; Prop. 1, 11, 5; Amm. 26, 3, 3.—
    II.
    Trop.
    A.
    In gen., to come or go gently or insensibly, to glide, glide or pass away:

    ilico res foras labitur,

    Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 21:

    brevitate et celeritate syllabarum labi putat verba proclivius,

    Cic. Or. 57; 56:

    sed labor longius, ad propositum revertor,

    id. Div. 2, 37, 79; id. Leg. 1, 19, 52:

    labitur occulte fallitque volubilis aetas,

    Ov. Am. 1, 8, 49:

    labi somnum sensit in artus,

    id. M. 11, 631:

    nostro illius labatur pectore vultus,

    Verg. E. 1, 64.—
    B.
    In partic.
    1.
    Of speech, to die away, be lost, not be heard (very rare):

    ne adjectae voces laberentur atque errarent,

    Cic. N. D. 2, 57, 114; cf. Sil. 7, 745.—
    2.
    Of time, to glide, pass away, elapse:

    eheu fugaces labuntur anni,

    Hor. C. 2, 14, 2:

    anni tacite labentis origo,

    Ov. F. 1, 65:

    labentia tempora,

    id. Tr. 3, 11; id. F. 6, 771; id. Tr. 4, 10, 27:

    aetas labitur,

    Tib. 1, 8, 48; cf.: labente officio, when the attendance or service is ended, Juv. 6, 203.—
    3.
    Pregn., to sink, incline, begin to fall, go to ruin, perish: quantis opibus, quibus de rebus lapsa fortuna accidat, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 19, 44 (Trag. v. 396 Vahl.); cf.:

    cetera nasci, occidere, fluere, labi,

    Cic. Or. 3, 10:

    labentem et prope cadentem rem publicam fulcire,

    id. Phil. 2, 21, 51:

    equitem Romanum labentem excepit, fulsit, sustinuit,

    id. Rab. Post. 16, 43; id. Ep. ad Brut. 1, 18, 2:

    sustinuit labentem aciem Antonius,

    Tac. H. 3, 23:

    vidi labentes acies,

    Prop. 4 (5), 2, 53:

    eo citius lapsa res est,

    Liv. 3, 33: mores lapsi sunt, id. praef.; Tac. A. 6, 50:

    fides lapsa,

    Ov. H. 2, 102:

    labentur opes,

    will be lost, Tib. 1, 6, 53:

    res,

    Lucr. 4, 1117:

    hereditas lapsa est,

    Dig. 4, 4, 11, § 5.—
    4.
    To slip or fall away from a thing, to lose it: hac spe lapsus, deceived or disappointed in this hope, Caes. B. G. 5, 55, 3:

    hoc munere,

    Sil. 7, 740:

    facultatibus,

    to lose one's property, become poor, Dig. 27, 8, 2, § 11; 26, 7, 9, § 1:

    mente,

    to lose one's senses, go mad, Cels. 5, 26, 13; Suet. Aug. 48; cf.:

    lapsae mentis error,

    Val. Max. 5, 3, 2.—Hence, lapsus, a, um, ruined, unfortunate, Prop. 1, 1, 25. —
    5.
    To fall into or upon, to come or turn to:

    labor eo, ut assentiar Epicuro,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 45, 139; id. Att. 4, 5, 2:

    ad opinionem,

    id. Ac. 2, 45, 138:

    in adulationem,

    Tac. A. 4, 6:

    in gaudia,

    Val. Fl. 6, 662:

    in vitium,

    Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 94.—
    6.
    To fall into error, to be mistaken, to err, mistake, commit a fault:

    labi, errare, nescire, decipi et malum et turpe ducimus,

    Cic. Off. 1, 6, 18:

    in aliqua re labi et cadere,

    id. Brut. 49, 185:

    in minimis tenuissimisque rebus,

    id. de Or. 1, 37, 169; id. Fam. 2, 7, 1:

    lapsus est per errorem suum,

    id. Q. Fr. 3, 9, 8:

    consilio,... casu,

    id. Agr. 2, 3, 6:

    propter inprudentiam,

    Caes. B. G. 5, 3:

    in officio,

    Cic. Tusc. 2, 4, 12:

    in verbo,

    Ov. Am. 2, 8, 7:

    ne verbo quidem labi,

    Plin. Ep. 2, 3:

    it vera ratione,

    Lucr. 2, 176.—
    7.
    Esp., to fall away from the true faith, to become apostate (eccl. Lat.):

    lapsorum fratrum petulantia,

    Cypr. Ep. 30, 1 al.
    2.
    lăbor (old form lăbos, like arbos, honos, etc., Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 35; id. Truc. 2, 6, 40; Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 6; Varr. ap. Non. 487, 13; Cat. 55, 13; Sall. C. 7, 5; id. J. 100, 4; cf. Quint. 1, 4, 13), ōris, m. [Sanscr. root rabh, to grasp, ā-rabh, to undertake; Gr. alph- in êlphon, earned, alphêma, wages; Germ. Arbeit], labor, toil, exertion (cf.: contentio, opera).
    I.
    Lit.:

    ut ingenium est omnium Hominum a labore proclive ad libidinem,

    Ter. And. 1, 1, 51:

    haud existimans quanto labore partum,

    id. Phorm. 1, 1, 12:

    interest aliquid inter laborem et dolorem: sunt finitima omnino, sed tamen differt aliquid. Labor est functio quaedam vel animi vel corporis, gravioris operis et muneris: dolor autem motus asper in corpore alienus a sensibus,

    Cic. Tusc. 2, 15, 35:

    corporis,

    id. Cael. 17, 39:

    res est magni laboris,

    id. de Or. 1, 33, 150:

    laborem sibi sumere et alteri imponere,

    id. Mur. 18, 38:

    sumptum et laborem insumere in rem aliquam,

    id. Inv. 2, 38, 113; cf. id. Verr. 2, 3, 98, § 227:

    multum operae laborisque consumere,

    id. de Or. 1, 55, 234:

    laborem sustinere,

    id. Att. 1, 17, 6:

    exantlare,

    id. Ac. 2, 34, 108:

    suscipere,

    id. Opt. Gen. Or. 5, 13:

    subire,

    id. Att. 3, 15, 7:

    capere,

    id. Rosc. Com. 16, 49:

    labores magnos excipere,

    id. Brut. 69, 243:

    se in magnis laboribus exercere,

    id. Arch. 11, 28:

    summi laboris esse,

    capable of great exertion, Caes. B. G. 4, 2, 2:

    laborem levare alicui,

    Cic. Or. 34, 120:

    detrahere,

    id. Fam. 3, 6, 5:

    ex labore se reficere,

    Caes. B. G. 3, 5; 5, 11:

    victus suppeditabatur sine labore,

    Cic. Sest. 48, 103:

    non est quod existumes, ullam esse sine labore virtutem,

    Sen. Vit. Beat. 25, 5; Suet. Ner. 52; Quint. 2, 12, 12; cf.:

    nullo labore,

    Cic. Dom. 34, 91; id. Sest. 40, 87; id. Tusc. 2, 22, 51:

    quantum meruit labor,

    Juv. 7, 216:

    reddere sua dona labori,

    id. 16, 57:

    numerenter labores,

    be valued, id. 9, 42.—
    B.
    In partic.
    1.
    Pregn., drudgery, hardship, fatigue, distress, trouble, pain, suffering (mostly poet. and late Lat.; syn. aerumna): decet id pati animo aequo;

    si id facietis, levior labos erit,

    Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 2:

    propter meum caput labores homini evenisse optumo,

    id. ib. 5, 1, 25:

    cum labore magno et misere vivere,

    id. Aul. prol. 14; id. Ps. 2, 4, 2:

    hoc evenit in labore atque in dolore,

    id. ib. 2, 3, 20:

    vel in labore meo vel in honore,

    Cic. Fam. 15, 18:

    Iliacos audire labores,

    Verg. A. 4, 78:

    mox et frumentis labor additus, ut mala culmos Esset rubigo,

    id. G. 1, 150:

    belli labores,

    id. A. 11, 126; cf. id. ib. 2, 619;

    12, 727: labor militiae,

    Juv. 16, 52:

    castrorum labores,

    id. 14, 198:

    Lucinae labores,

    Verg. G. 4, 340:

    cor de labore pectus tundit,

    Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 63:

    hoc medicamentum sine magno labore cadere cogit haemorrhoidas,

    Scrib. 227:

    litterarius, = opus,

    Aug. Conf. 9, 2;

    id. cont. Jul. 6, 21: meos labores legere,

    id. de Don. Pers. 68.—Of sickness: valetudo crescit, accrescit labor. Plaut. Curc. 2, 1, 4:

    sulphurosi fontes labores nervorum reficiunt,

    Vitr. 8, 3, 4.—Of danger:

    maximus autem earum (apium) labor est initio veris,

    Col. 9, 13, 2.—Prov.:

    jucundi acti labores,

    Cic. Fin. 2, 32, 105:

    suavis laborum est praeteritorum memoria,

    id. ib. —
    2.
    Poet.
    a.
    Labores solis, eclipses of the sun, Verg. A. 1, 742 Forbig. ad loc.; so,

    defectus solis varios lunaeque labores,

    id. G. 1, 478; Sil. 14, 378. —
    b.
    Of plants:

    hunc laborem perferre,

    i. e. growth, Verg. G. 2, 343.—
    3.
    Personified: Lăbos, toil, in the lower world, Verg. A. 6, 277.—
    II.
    Meton., of the products of labor.
    a.
    Work, workmanship of an artist ( poet.):

    operum,

    Verg. A. 1, 455:

    hic labor ille domūs,

    id. ib. 6, 27:

    nec non Polycleti multus ubique labor,

    Juv. 8, 104. —
    b.
    Of cultivated plants, crops, etc.:

    ruit arduus aether et pluvia ingenti sata laeta boumque labores Diluit,

    Verg. G. 1, 325; cf.:

    haec cum sint hominumque boumque labores,

    id. ib. 1, 118: Juppiter Grandine dilapidans hominumque boumque labores, Col. poët. 10, 330; Verg. A. 2, 284; 306.—
    c.
    Labores uteri, i. e. children, Claud. Rapt. Pros. 1, 193.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > labor

  • 7 Labos

    1.
    lābor, lapsus ( inf. parag. labier, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 94; part. labundus, Att. ap. Non. 504, 31; Trag. Fragm. v. 570 Rib.), 3, v. dep. n. [cf. lăbo; Sanscr. lamb- (ramb-), to glide, fall], to move gently along a smooth surface, to fall, slide; to slide, slip, or glide down, to fall down, to sink as the beginning of a fall; constr. absol., or with ad, in, inter, per, sub, super, ab, de, ex, or with abl. alone.
    I.
    Lit.
    A.
    In gen.
    1.
    Of living beings:

    non squamoso labuntur ventre cerastae,

    Prop. 3 (4), 22, 27:

    per sinus crebros et magna volumina labens,

    Ov. M. 15, 721:

    pigraque labatur circa donaria serpens,

    Ov. Am. 2, 13, 13:

    ille inter vestes et levia pectora lapsus volvitur,

    Verg. A. 7, 349: (angues) in diversum lapsi, Jul. Obseq. 119.—Of floating:

    ut rate felice pacata per aequora labar,

    Ov. H. 10, 65:

    dum Stygio gurgite labor,

    id. M. 5, 504:

    tua labens navita aqua,

    Prop. 2, 26 (3, 21), 8.—Of flying:

    tollunt se celeres, liquidumque per aera lapsae,

    Verg. A. 6, 202:

    vade, age, nate, voca Zephyros et labere pennis,

    id. ib. 4, 223:

    pennis lapsa per auras,

    Ov. M. 8, 51:

    labere, nympha, polo,

    Verg. A. 11, 588.—Of sinking, slipping down:

    labor, io! cara lumina conde manu,

    Ov. A. A. 7, 342:

    labitur infelix (equus),

    Verg. G. 3, 498; cf. Luc. 5, 799:

    labitur exsanguis,

    Verg. A. 11, 818; 5, 181:

    super terram,

    Ov. M. 13, 477:

    equo,

    Hor. S. 2, 1, 15:

    temone,

    Verg. A. 12, 470 [p. 1024] limite, Luc. 9, 712:

    in vulnera,

    id. 7, 604:

    in colla mariti,

    Val. Fl. 2, 425:

    alieno vulnere,

    Luc. 2, 265:

    in rivo,

    Cic. Fat. 3, 5:

    pondere lapsi pectoris arma sonant,

    Luc. 7, 572.—

    Of gliding upwards: celeri fuga sub sidera,

    Verg. A. 3, 243.—
    2.
    Of things:

    splendida signa videntur labier,

    Lucr. 4, 445; Cic. Tusc. 4, 18, 42:

    umor in genas Furtim labitur,

    Hor. C. 1, 13, 7:

    stellas Praecipites caelo labi,

    Verg. G. 1, 366:

    perque genas lacrimae labuntur,

    Ov. H. 7, 185; id. M. 2, 656:

    lapsi de fontibus amnes,

    id. ib. 13, 954; cf.:

    catenae lapsae lacertis sponte sua,

    id. ib. 3, 699:

    lapsuram domum subire,

    about to tumble down, id. Ib. 511; Luc. 1, 25; cf.

    with cado: multa in silvis Lapsa cadunt folia,

    Verg. A. 6, 310:

    ipsaque in Oceanum sidera lapsa cadunt,

    Prop. 4 (5), 4, 64:

    lapsis repente saxis,

    Tac. A. 4, 59:

    ab arbore ramus,

    Ov. M. 3, 410.—Of the eyes, to fall, close:

    labentes, oculos condere,

    Ov. Tr. 3, 3, 44:

    lumina,

    Verg. A. 11, 818; Prop. 1, 10, 7; 2, 5, 17.—
    B.
    Transf.
    1.
    To glide away, glide along, slip or haste away: labitur uncta carina: volat super impetus undas, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 379 Vahl.); so id. ap. Isid. Orig. 19, 1 (Ann. v. 476 Vahl.); cf.:

    labitur uncta vadis abies,

    Verg. A. 8, 91; Cic. Ac. 1, 8, 31:

    sidera, quae vaga et mutabili ratione labuntur,

    id. Univ. 10.—Esp., of a transition in discourse, to pass:

    a dispositione ad elocutionis praecepta labor,

    Quint. 7, 10, 17.—
    2.
    To slip away, escape:

    lapsus custodiā,

    Tac. A. 5, 10; 11, 31:

    e manibus custodientium lapsus,

    Curt. 3, 13, 3; Prop. 1, 11, 5; Amm. 26, 3, 3.—
    II.
    Trop.
    A.
    In gen., to come or go gently or insensibly, to glide, glide or pass away:

    ilico res foras labitur,

    Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 21:

    brevitate et celeritate syllabarum labi putat verba proclivius,

    Cic. Or. 57; 56:

    sed labor longius, ad propositum revertor,

    id. Div. 2, 37, 79; id. Leg. 1, 19, 52:

    labitur occulte fallitque volubilis aetas,

    Ov. Am. 1, 8, 49:

    labi somnum sensit in artus,

    id. M. 11, 631:

    nostro illius labatur pectore vultus,

    Verg. E. 1, 64.—
    B.
    In partic.
    1.
    Of speech, to die away, be lost, not be heard (very rare):

    ne adjectae voces laberentur atque errarent,

    Cic. N. D. 2, 57, 114; cf. Sil. 7, 745.—
    2.
    Of time, to glide, pass away, elapse:

    eheu fugaces labuntur anni,

    Hor. C. 2, 14, 2:

    anni tacite labentis origo,

    Ov. F. 1, 65:

    labentia tempora,

    id. Tr. 3, 11; id. F. 6, 771; id. Tr. 4, 10, 27:

    aetas labitur,

    Tib. 1, 8, 48; cf.: labente officio, when the attendance or service is ended, Juv. 6, 203.—
    3.
    Pregn., to sink, incline, begin to fall, go to ruin, perish: quantis opibus, quibus de rebus lapsa fortuna accidat, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 19, 44 (Trag. v. 396 Vahl.); cf.:

    cetera nasci, occidere, fluere, labi,

    Cic. Or. 3, 10:

    labentem et prope cadentem rem publicam fulcire,

    id. Phil. 2, 21, 51:

    equitem Romanum labentem excepit, fulsit, sustinuit,

    id. Rab. Post. 16, 43; id. Ep. ad Brut. 1, 18, 2:

    sustinuit labentem aciem Antonius,

    Tac. H. 3, 23:

    vidi labentes acies,

    Prop. 4 (5), 2, 53:

    eo citius lapsa res est,

    Liv. 3, 33: mores lapsi sunt, id. praef.; Tac. A. 6, 50:

    fides lapsa,

    Ov. H. 2, 102:

    labentur opes,

    will be lost, Tib. 1, 6, 53:

    res,

    Lucr. 4, 1117:

    hereditas lapsa est,

    Dig. 4, 4, 11, § 5.—
    4.
    To slip or fall away from a thing, to lose it: hac spe lapsus, deceived or disappointed in this hope, Caes. B. G. 5, 55, 3:

    hoc munere,

    Sil. 7, 740:

    facultatibus,

    to lose one's property, become poor, Dig. 27, 8, 2, § 11; 26, 7, 9, § 1:

    mente,

    to lose one's senses, go mad, Cels. 5, 26, 13; Suet. Aug. 48; cf.:

    lapsae mentis error,

    Val. Max. 5, 3, 2.—Hence, lapsus, a, um, ruined, unfortunate, Prop. 1, 1, 25. —
    5.
    To fall into or upon, to come or turn to:

    labor eo, ut assentiar Epicuro,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 45, 139; id. Att. 4, 5, 2:

    ad opinionem,

    id. Ac. 2, 45, 138:

    in adulationem,

    Tac. A. 4, 6:

    in gaudia,

    Val. Fl. 6, 662:

    in vitium,

    Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 94.—
    6.
    To fall into error, to be mistaken, to err, mistake, commit a fault:

    labi, errare, nescire, decipi et malum et turpe ducimus,

    Cic. Off. 1, 6, 18:

    in aliqua re labi et cadere,

    id. Brut. 49, 185:

    in minimis tenuissimisque rebus,

    id. de Or. 1, 37, 169; id. Fam. 2, 7, 1:

    lapsus est per errorem suum,

    id. Q. Fr. 3, 9, 8:

    consilio,... casu,

    id. Agr. 2, 3, 6:

    propter inprudentiam,

    Caes. B. G. 5, 3:

    in officio,

    Cic. Tusc. 2, 4, 12:

    in verbo,

    Ov. Am. 2, 8, 7:

    ne verbo quidem labi,

    Plin. Ep. 2, 3:

    it vera ratione,

    Lucr. 2, 176.—
    7.
    Esp., to fall away from the true faith, to become apostate (eccl. Lat.):

    lapsorum fratrum petulantia,

    Cypr. Ep. 30, 1 al.
    2.
    lăbor (old form lăbos, like arbos, honos, etc., Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 35; id. Truc. 2, 6, 40; Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 6; Varr. ap. Non. 487, 13; Cat. 55, 13; Sall. C. 7, 5; id. J. 100, 4; cf. Quint. 1, 4, 13), ōris, m. [Sanscr. root rabh, to grasp, ā-rabh, to undertake; Gr. alph- in êlphon, earned, alphêma, wages; Germ. Arbeit], labor, toil, exertion (cf.: contentio, opera).
    I.
    Lit.:

    ut ingenium est omnium Hominum a labore proclive ad libidinem,

    Ter. And. 1, 1, 51:

    haud existimans quanto labore partum,

    id. Phorm. 1, 1, 12:

    interest aliquid inter laborem et dolorem: sunt finitima omnino, sed tamen differt aliquid. Labor est functio quaedam vel animi vel corporis, gravioris operis et muneris: dolor autem motus asper in corpore alienus a sensibus,

    Cic. Tusc. 2, 15, 35:

    corporis,

    id. Cael. 17, 39:

    res est magni laboris,

    id. de Or. 1, 33, 150:

    laborem sibi sumere et alteri imponere,

    id. Mur. 18, 38:

    sumptum et laborem insumere in rem aliquam,

    id. Inv. 2, 38, 113; cf. id. Verr. 2, 3, 98, § 227:

    multum operae laborisque consumere,

    id. de Or. 1, 55, 234:

    laborem sustinere,

    id. Att. 1, 17, 6:

    exantlare,

    id. Ac. 2, 34, 108:

    suscipere,

    id. Opt. Gen. Or. 5, 13:

    subire,

    id. Att. 3, 15, 7:

    capere,

    id. Rosc. Com. 16, 49:

    labores magnos excipere,

    id. Brut. 69, 243:

    se in magnis laboribus exercere,

    id. Arch. 11, 28:

    summi laboris esse,

    capable of great exertion, Caes. B. G. 4, 2, 2:

    laborem levare alicui,

    Cic. Or. 34, 120:

    detrahere,

    id. Fam. 3, 6, 5:

    ex labore se reficere,

    Caes. B. G. 3, 5; 5, 11:

    victus suppeditabatur sine labore,

    Cic. Sest. 48, 103:

    non est quod existumes, ullam esse sine labore virtutem,

    Sen. Vit. Beat. 25, 5; Suet. Ner. 52; Quint. 2, 12, 12; cf.:

    nullo labore,

    Cic. Dom. 34, 91; id. Sest. 40, 87; id. Tusc. 2, 22, 51:

    quantum meruit labor,

    Juv. 7, 216:

    reddere sua dona labori,

    id. 16, 57:

    numerenter labores,

    be valued, id. 9, 42.—
    B.
    In partic.
    1.
    Pregn., drudgery, hardship, fatigue, distress, trouble, pain, suffering (mostly poet. and late Lat.; syn. aerumna): decet id pati animo aequo;

    si id facietis, levior labos erit,

    Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 2:

    propter meum caput labores homini evenisse optumo,

    id. ib. 5, 1, 25:

    cum labore magno et misere vivere,

    id. Aul. prol. 14; id. Ps. 2, 4, 2:

    hoc evenit in labore atque in dolore,

    id. ib. 2, 3, 20:

    vel in labore meo vel in honore,

    Cic. Fam. 15, 18:

    Iliacos audire labores,

    Verg. A. 4, 78:

    mox et frumentis labor additus, ut mala culmos Esset rubigo,

    id. G. 1, 150:

    belli labores,

    id. A. 11, 126; cf. id. ib. 2, 619;

    12, 727: labor militiae,

    Juv. 16, 52:

    castrorum labores,

    id. 14, 198:

    Lucinae labores,

    Verg. G. 4, 340:

    cor de labore pectus tundit,

    Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 63:

    hoc medicamentum sine magno labore cadere cogit haemorrhoidas,

    Scrib. 227:

    litterarius, = opus,

    Aug. Conf. 9, 2;

    id. cont. Jul. 6, 21: meos labores legere,

    id. de Don. Pers. 68.—Of sickness: valetudo crescit, accrescit labor. Plaut. Curc. 2, 1, 4:

    sulphurosi fontes labores nervorum reficiunt,

    Vitr. 8, 3, 4.—Of danger:

    maximus autem earum (apium) labor est initio veris,

    Col. 9, 13, 2.—Prov.:

    jucundi acti labores,

    Cic. Fin. 2, 32, 105:

    suavis laborum est praeteritorum memoria,

    id. ib. —
    2.
    Poet.
    a.
    Labores solis, eclipses of the sun, Verg. A. 1, 742 Forbig. ad loc.; so,

    defectus solis varios lunaeque labores,

    id. G. 1, 478; Sil. 14, 378. —
    b.
    Of plants:

    hunc laborem perferre,

    i. e. growth, Verg. G. 2, 343.—
    3.
    Personified: Lăbos, toil, in the lower world, Verg. A. 6, 277.—
    II.
    Meton., of the products of labor.
    a.
    Work, workmanship of an artist ( poet.):

    operum,

    Verg. A. 1, 455:

    hic labor ille domūs,

    id. ib. 6, 27:

    nec non Polycleti multus ubique labor,

    Juv. 8, 104. —
    b.
    Of cultivated plants, crops, etc.:

    ruit arduus aether et pluvia ingenti sata laeta boumque labores Diluit,

    Verg. G. 1, 325; cf.:

    haec cum sint hominumque boumque labores,

    id. ib. 1, 118: Juppiter Grandine dilapidans hominumque boumque labores, Col. poët. 10, 330; Verg. A. 2, 284; 306.—
    c.
    Labores uteri, i. e. children, Claud. Rapt. Pros. 1, 193.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > Labos

  • 8 φέρω

    φέρω ([dialect] Locr. [full] φάρω [ᾰ], IG9(1).334.5 (Oeanthea, v. B.C.)), only [tense] pres. and [tense] impf. (late 1 [tense] aor. [ per.] 3pl.
    A

    ἤφεραν IG3.1379

    ), Il.21.458, etc.: [dialect] Ep. forms, [ per.] 2pl. imper.

    φέρτε Il.9.171

    ; [ per.] 2sg. subj.

    φέρῃσθα Call.Dian. 144

    ; [ per.] 3sg. subj.

    φέρῃσι Il.18.308

    , Od.5.164, al.; [dialect] Ep. inf.

    φερέμεν Il.9.411

    , al.: [tense] impf. ἔφερον, [dialect] Ep.

    φέρον 3.245

    ; also φέρεσκε, φέρεσκον ([ per.] 3pl.), Od.9.429, 10.108.
    II [tense] fut.

    οἴσω Il.7.82

    , etc.; [dialect] Dor.

    οἰσῶ Theoc.3.11

    ; [ per.] 1pl.

    οἰσεῦμες Id.15.133

    ; [ per.] 3pl. ηοίσοντι Tab.Heracl.1.150: the foll. act. forms are not [tense] fut. in sense, imper.

    οἶσε Od.22.106

    , 481, Ar.Ach. 1099, 1101, 1122, Ra. 482;

    οἰσέτω Il.19.173

    , Od.8.255; [ per.] 3pl.

    οἰσόντων Antim.15

    ; inf.

    οἴσειν Pi.P.4.102

    , [dialect] Ep.

    οἰσέμεν Od.3.429

    ,

    οἰσέμεναι Il.3.120

    , Od.8.399, etc.: [tense] aor. 1 inf.

    οἶσαι Ph.1.611

     codd. ( ἀν-οῖσαι is prob. in Hdt.1.157):—[voice] Med., [tense] fut.

    οἴσομαι Il.22.217

    , S.El. 969, etc. (in pass. sense, E.Or. 440, X.Oec.18.6; so [dialect] Dor.

    οἰσεῖται Archim.Fluit.1.7

    , al.): [tense] fut. [voice] Pass.

    οἰσθήσομαι D.44.45

    , Arist. Ph. 205a13, Archim.Fluit.1.3, al., ([etym.] ἐξ-) E.Supp. 561:—[voice] Pass., [tense] pf.

    προοῖσται Luc.Par.2

    ; cf. οἰστέον, οἰστός ([etym.] ἀν-οιστός).
    III from ἐνεγκ- (not found in Hom. or Hdt., exc. as v.l. in Il.19.194, but in Pi.O.13.66, I.8(7).21, ([etym.] προς-) Id.P.9.36, also B.16.62, and normal in [dialect] Att. and Trag., also in codd.Hp., Epid.1.1.2, al.) come [tense] aor. 1 ἤνεγκα, and [tense] aor. 2 ἤνεγκον:—Indic., [ per.] 1sg.

    ἤνεγκον S.OC 521

     (lyr.), 964, Ar.Ra. 1299, Th. 742, Lys. 944, ([etym.] δι-) Isoc.18.59, but

    ἤνεγκα S.El. 13

    , E. Ion38, Aeschin.2.4, and in compos. with Preps.; [ per.] 2sg. always

    ἤνεγκας Ar.Av. 540

     (lyr.), ([etym.] ἐξ-) S.Tr. 741 (in Ar.Th. 742, δέκα μῆνας αὔτ' ἐγὼ ἤνεγκον is answd. by ἤνεγκας σύ;); [ per.] 3sg. ἤνεγκε, common to both forms; dual

    δι-ηνεγκάτην Pl.Lg. 723b

    ; pl. always ἠνέγκαμεν, -ατε, -αν ([ per.] 3pl.

    ἀπ-ήνενκαν IG22.1620.37

    , al., once ἀπ-ήνεγκον ib. 1414.2; δι-ηνέγκομεν is f.l. in X.Oec.9.8): imper., [ per.] 2sg.

    ἔνεγκε E. Heracl. 699

    , Ar.Eq. 110, X.Mem.3.6.9 ( ἔνεγκον cj. Pors. in Anaxipp. 8); [ per.] 3sg.

    ἐνεγκάτω Ar. Pax 1149

     (troch.), Th. 238, Pl.Phd. 116d, ([etym.] προς-) X.Smp.5.2; but

    ἐξ-ενεγκέτω IG12.63.33

    , 76.61; [dialect] Dor. [ per.] 3pl. ἐνεγκόντω ib.5 (1).26.16 (Amyclae, ii/i B. C.); [ per.] 2pl.

    ἐξ-ενέγκατε Ar.Ra. 847

    : subj. ἐνέγκω common to both forms: opt., [ per.] 1sg.

    ἐνέγκαιμι E.Hipp. 393

    , Pl.Cri. 43c: [ per.] 3sg. ἐνέγκαι (cod.A, but - κοι cod.Laur.) S.Tr. 774, but

    ἐνέγκοι Id.Fr.84

     (anap.), Pl.R. 330a, ([etym.] ξυν-) Th.6.20, etc.; [ per.] 2pl. ἐνέγκαιτε ( ἐνέγκατε codd.) E.Heracl. 751 (lyr.): inf.

    ἐνεγκεῖν A.Supp. 766

    , S.OC 1599, IG22.40.18, etc., ([etym.] προς-) Pi.P.9.36, Hp.VM15; Hellenistic

    ἐνέγκαι Arist.Oec. 1349a27

     ([etym.] εἰς-), PAmh.2.30.35 (ii B. C.), Ev.Marc. 2.4 ([etym.] προς-), etc., found also in codd.Hp., Aff.3 ([etym.] προς-), Nat.Mul.19 ([etym.] δι-): part.

    ἐνεγκών Pi.I.8(7).21

    , S.El. 692, Th.6.56, etc.,

    ἐνέγκας IG22.1361.21

     ([etym.] εἰς-), 333.4, D.49.51 (and later, Demetr.Com.Nov.1.10 ([etym.] εἰς-), Arist.Oec. 1351a14, etc.; in X. we find

    ἐξ-ενεγκόντες Mem.1.2.53

    , and δι-ενεγκοῦσα, συν-ενεγκόντες, vv. ll. in ib.2.2.5, An.6.5.6):— [voice] Med., only ἠνεγκάμην, Ar.Ec.76 ([etym.] ἐξ-), etc. (exc. imper.

    ἐνεγκοῦ S.OC 470

    ); [ per.] 2sg.

    ἠνέγκω E.Supp. 583

    , X.Oec.7.13; [ per.] 3sg.

    ἠνέγκατο S.Tr. 462

    , Pl.R. 406b, etc.; [ per.] 1pl.

    ἠνεγκάμεθα Id. Ion 530b

    , ([etym.] προ-) Phlb. 57a; inf.

    εἰς-ενέγκασθαι Isoc.15.188

    : part.

    ἐνεγκάμενος Aeschin.1.131

    , ([etym.] ἀπ-) X.Ages.6.2.
    IV from ἐνεικ- comes [tense] aor. 1 ἤνεικα, found mostly in [dialect] Ion. (but not in codd. Hp.), [dialect] Ep. and Lyr., also at Cos (v. infr.) and implied elsewh. in pass. forms (v. infr. v):—the endings are those of [tense] aor. 1, exc. in imper.

    ἔνεικε Od.21.178

    , inf. ἐνεικέμεν (v.l. ἐνεγκέμεν) Il.19.194, ἐνείκην (v. infr.), and part. μετ-ενεικών, ἐξενικοῦσι (v. infr.), cf. συνενείκομαι:—[ per.] 1sg.

    ἀν-ένεικα Od.11.625

    ; [ per.] 2sg.

    ἀπ-ένεικας Il.14.255

    ; [ per.] 3sg.

    ἤνεικε Od.18.300

    , al., Hdt.2.146, [dialect] Ep.

    ἔνεικε Il.15.705

    , al.; [ per.] 1pl.

    ἐνείκαμεν Od.24.43

    ; [ per.] 3pl.

    ἤνεικαν Hdt.3.30

    , [dialect] Ep.

    ἔνεικαν Il.9.306

    ; imper. [ per.] 2sg.

    ἔνεικον Anacr.62.3

    ; [ per.] 2pl.,

    ἐνείκατε Od. 8.393

    ; [ per.] 3pl.

    ἐνεικάντων Schwyzer 688

     B 3 (Chios, v B. C.); inf.

    ἐνεῖκαι Il.18.334

    , Pi.P.9.53, Hdt.1.32; ἐνεικέμεν (v. supr.); [dialect] Aeol.

    ἐνείκην Alc.Oxy.1788

     Fr.15ii 20; part.

    ἐνείκας Il.17.39

    , ([etym.] ἀν-) Hdt.2.23;

    μετ-ενεικών Abh.Berl.Akad.1928(6).22

     (Cos, iii B. C.):—[voice] Med., [ per.] 3sg.

    ἀν-ενείκατο Il.19.314

    ; [ per.] 3pl.

    ἠνείκαντο 9.127

    , Hdt.1.57, ([etym.] ἐς-) 7.152; part.

    ἐνεικάμενος Alc.35.4

    .
    2 [tense] aor. 1 ἤνῐκα is found in the foll. dialect forms: [ per.] 3sg.

    ἤνικε IG42(1).121.110

     (Epid., iv B. C.);

    ἤνικεν SIG239

     Bi11 (Delph., iv B. C.);

    ἀν-ήνικε IG4.757A12

    , al. (Troezen, ii B. C.); ἀπ-ήνικε ib.42(1).103.16, al. (Epid., iv B. C.); but ἤνῑκε is prob. written for ἤνεικε in IG4.801.3 (Troezen, vi B. C.); [ per.] 1pl. ἀν-ηνίκαμες [ῐ] GDI 3591b21 ([place name] Calymna); [ per.] 3pl.

    ἤνικαν SIG239

     Bi 17 (Delph., iv B. C.), IG 12(2).15.15 (Mytil., iii B. C.); [ per.] 3sg. subj.

    ἐνίκει Berl.Sitzb.1927.161

     ([place name] Cyrene); ἐς-ενίκη, and inf. ἐς-ένικαι, IG12(2).645b43,39 (Nesus, iv B. C.); part. (dat. pl.)

    ἐξ-ενικοῦσι IG4.823.49

     (Troezen, iv B. C.); so in later Gr.,

    εἰς-ήνικα Supp.Epigr.7.381

    ,382 (Dura-Europos, iii A. D.); ἤνιγκα ib.383 (ibid., iii A. D.):—[voice] Med., part.

    ἐξ-ε[νικ]άμενος IG12

     (2).526a5 (Eresus, iv B. C.).
    b [dialect] Boeot. [tense] aor. 1 in [ per.] 3pl.

    εἴνιξαν IG7.2418.24

     (Thebes, iv B. C.); [ per.] 1sg. ἤνειγξα Hdn.Gr.2.374.
    V other tenses: [tense] pf.

    ἐνήνοχα D.21.108

    , 22.62, ([etym.] ἐξ-) Luc.Pr.Im.15,17, ([etym.] μετ-) Pl.Criti. 113a, ([etym.] συν-) v. l. in X.Mem.3.5.22:—[voice] Pass., [tense] fut.

    ἐνεχθήσομαι Arist.Ph. 205b12

    , Archim.Fluit.2.2, al., ([etym.] ἐπ-) Th.7.56, ([etym.] κατ-) Isoc.13.19: [tense] aor.

    ἠνέχθην X.An.4.7.12

     and freq. in compds.; [dialect] Ion.

    ἀπ-ηνείχθην Hdt.1.66

    , etc.; ([etym.] περι-) ib.84; [ per.] 3pl. written ἠνείχτθησαν in Schwyzer 707B9 (Ephesus, vi B. C.); [dialect] Dor. part.

    ἐξ-ενειχθείς IG42(1).121.115

     (Epid., iv B. C.); Hellenistic

    ἐνεγχθείς PCair.Zen.327.42

     (iii B. C.), ([etym.] συμπερι-) IPE12.32A31,78, B70 (Olbia, iii B. C.); in dialects, [ per.] 3sg. indic.

    ἀπ-ηνίχθη IG42(1).103.111

     (Epid., iv B. C.); [ per.] 3sg. subj. ἐξενιχθῇ ib.12(5).593 A23 (Ceos, v B. C.), Abh.Berl.Akad.1928(6).21 (Cos, iii B. C.); [dialect] Boeot.

    ἐν-ενιχθεῖ IG7.3172.150

     (Thespiae, iii B. C.); part. (neut.)

    ἐπ-ενιχθέν Abh.Berl.Akad.1928(6).53

     (Telos, iv B. C., ined.); [dialect] Att. [tense] pf.

    ἐνήνεγμαι, ἐνήνεκται Pl.R. 584d

    ,

    εἰς-ενήνεκται E. Ion 1340

    ;

    ἀν-ενήνεγκται IG12.91.4

    ; ἐπαν-ενήνειγκται ib.22.1607a7; [dialect] Ion.

    ἐξ-ενηνειγμένος Hdt.8.37

    ; [dialect] Att. [tense] plpf.

    προς-ενήνεκτο X.HG4.3.20

    ; part.

    κατ-, μετ-ενηνεγμένος Plb.10.30.2

    , Str.13.1.12. (With φέρω cf. Lat.fero, OE. beran, Skt. bhárati 'bear'; οἴσω is of uncertain origin; ἐνεγκ- is prob. redupl. ἐγκ- ( ἐνεκ- in [voice] Pass. forms and in δουρηνεκής, etc.), cogn. with Skt. náśati 'attain,' Lat. nanciscor, Lith. nèšti 'carry, bear'; ἐνεικ- ([etym.] ἐνῐκ-) is of uncertain origin; the glosses ἐνέεικαν· ἤνεγκαν, and ἐνεείκω· ἐνέγκω (Hsch.) are not corroborated.)
    A [voice] Act.,
    I bear or carry a load,

    ἐν ταλάροισι φέρον μελιηδέα καρπόν Il.18.568

    ;

    μέγα ἔργον, ὃ οὐ δύο γ' ἄνδρε φέροιεν 5.303

    ;

    ἦγον μὲν μῆλα, φέρον δ' εὐήνορα οἶνον Od.4.622

    ;

    χοάς A.Ch.15

    ;

    φ. ἐπ' ὤμοις S.Tr. 564

    ;

    χερσὶν φ. Id.Ant. 429

    ;

    φ. ὅπλα βραχίονι E.Hec.14

    ; bear (as a device) on one's shield, A.Th. 559, etc.; γαστέρι κοῦρον φ., of a pregnant woman, Il.6.59; φ. ὑπὸ ζώνην or ζώνης ὕπο, A.Ch. 1000(992), E.Hec. 762: in Trag. stronger than ἔχω, ἁγνὰς αἵματος χεῖρας φ. to have hands clean from blood, E.Hipp. 316 (v.l. φορεῖς)

    ; ἀλαὸν ὄμμα φέρων Id.Ph. 1531

     (lyr.);

    γλῶσσαν εὔφημον φ. A.Ch. 581

    , cf. Supp. 994;

    καλὸν φ. στόμα S.Fr. 930

     codd. (nisi leg. φορῇ) ; ἄψοφον

    βάσιν φ. Id.Tr. 967

     (lyr.).
    II bear, convey, with collat. notion of motion, freq. in Hom.,

    πῇ δὴ.. τόξα φέρεις; Od.21.362

    ; πρόσω φ. ib. 369;

    εἴσω φέρω σ' ἐντεῦθεν Ar.V. 1444

    , cf. Pl.Lg. 914b;

    πόδες φέρον Il.6.514

    ;

    πέδιλα τά μιν φέρον 24.341

    , etc.; of horses, 2.838;

    ἵππω.. ἅρμα οἴσετον 5.232

    , etc.; of ships, Od.16.323, cf. Il.9.306;

    τὰ σώματα τῶν ζῴων συνέστηκεν ἐκ τοῦ φέροντος καὶ τοῦ φερομένου Diocl. Fr.17

    .
    b of persons, bring to bear, μένος or μένος χειρῶν ἰθύς τινος φέρειν hurl one's strength right upon or against him, Il.16.602, 5.506; φ. τὴν ὀργήν, τὴν αἰτίαν ἐπί τινα, Plb.21.31.8, 33.11.2.
    c lead, direct,

    τὴν πόλιν Plu.Luc.6

    .
    2 of wind, bear along, [

    πνοιὴ Ζεφύρου] φ. νῆάς τε καὶ αὐτούς Od.10.26

    ; [

    σχεδίην] ἄνεμοι φέρον ἔνθα καὶ ἔνθα 5.330

    , cf. 4.516, Il.19.378, etc.;

    ἐπέλασσε φέρων ἄνεμος Od.3.300

    , 7.277, cf. 5.111, etc.: abs., ὁ βορέας ἔξω τοῦ Πόντου εἰς τὴν Ἑλλάδα φέρει is fair for Greece, X.An.5.77: metaph.,

    ὅπῃ ἂν ὁ λόγος ὥσπερ πνεῦμα φ. Pl.R. 394d

    ;

    φ. τινὰ φρένες δύσαρκτοι A.Ch. 1023

    , cf. Th. 687 (lyr.):—[voice] Pass., v. infr. B.
    III endure, suffer,

    λυγρά Od.18.135

    ;

    ἄτην Hdt.1.32

    ; χαλινόν, ζυγόν, A.Ag. 1066, 1226; πημονάς, τύχας, Id.Pers. 293, E.Or. 1024;

    ξυμφοράς Th.2.60

    ;

    τὰς οὐ προσηκούσας ἁμαρτίας Antipho 3.2.10

    ; also of food,

    ἐσθίουσι πλείω ἢ δύνανται φ. X.Cyr.8.2.21

    ; of strong wine, bear, admit, καὶ τὰ τρία φέρων καλῶς, i.e. three parts of water, instead of ἴσον ἴσῳ, Ar.Eq. 1188, cf. Ach. 354; so τὰς ἐπιδείξεις.. φέρουσιν αὐτοῦ (sc. Ἰσοκράτους)

    οἱ λόγοι, τοὺς δὲ ἐν ἐκκλησίαις.. ἀγῶνας οὐχ ὑπομένουσι D.H.Isoc.2

    : metaph.,

    ᾗ φέρειν πέφυκε Pl.Ti. 48a

    .
    2 freq. with modal words,

    πήματα κόσμῳ φ. Pi.P.3.82

    ;

    σιγῇ κακά E.Hec. 738

    ;

    ὀργῇ τὸν πόλεμον Th.1.31

    ;

    θυμῷ φ. Id.5.80

    ;

    χαρᾷ φ. τι J.AJ19.1.13

    : esp. with an Adv., [

    ὕβριν] ῥηϊδίως φ. Hes.Op. 215

    ; δεινῶς, βαρέως, πικρῶς, χαλεπῶς φέρειν τι, bear a thing impatiently, take it ill or amiss, Hdt.2.121.γ, 5.19, E. Ion 610, Pl.R. 330a, etc.; δυσπετῶς, βαρυστόνως φ., A.Pr. 752, Eu. 794; προθύμως φέρειν τὸν πόλεμον to be zealous about the war, Hdt.9.18,40;

    προθύμως τὰ τοῦ πολέμου ἔφερον Th.8.36

    ;

    αἶσαν φέρειν ὡς ῥᾷστα A.Pr. 104

    ;

    συμφορὴν ὡς κουφότατα φ. Hdt.1.35

    ;

    ῥᾳδίως φ. Pl.Grg. 522d

    , al.;

    εὐπετῶς φ. S.Fr. 585

    , X.Mem.2.1.6; εὐπόρως ( εὐφόρως Brunck)

    ἐνεγκεῖν S.Ph. 873

    ; εὐμενῶς, εὐχερῶς φ., D.Ep. 3.45, Pl.R. 474e; these phrases are used mostly c. acc. rei; also c. part.,

    βαρέως ἤνεικε ἰδών Hdt.3.155

    , cf. Ar.Th. 385, etc.;

    φ. ἐλαφρῶς.. λαβόντα ζυγόν Pi.P.2.93

    ;

    ῥᾳδίως φέρεις ἡμᾶς ἀπολείπων Pl. Phd. 63a

    : c. gen.,

    τοῦ ἐνδεοῦς χαλεπώτερον φ. Th.1.77

    , cf. 2.62;

    ἐπί τινι, χαλεπῶς φ. ἐπὶ τῇ πολιορκίᾳ X.HG7.4.21

    , cf. Isoc.12.232;

    πράως ἐπὶ τοῖς γιγνομένοις φ. D.58.55

    : c. dat. only, βαρέως φέρειν τοῖς παροῦσι, τῇ ἀτιμίᾳ, X.An.1.3.3, HG3.4.9, cf. 5.1.29; later, χαλεπῶς φ. διά τι, πρός τι, D.S.17.111, Jul.Or.1.17c codd.
    IV bring, fetch,

    εἰ.. θεὸς αὐτὸν ἐνείκαι Od.21.196

    ;

    φ. ἄποινα Il.24.502

    ;

    ἄρνε 3

    , 120, cf. Sapph.95; ὕδωρ, οἶνον, Anacr.62.1;

    ἔντεα Il.18.191

    ;

    τόξα Od.21.359

    ;

    κνημῖδας A.Th. 675

    ;

    δᾷδα Ar.Nu. 1490

    , etc.;

    γῆν τε καὶ ὕδωρ Hdt.7.131

    :—[voice] Med., carry or bring with one, or for one's own use,

    ποδάνιπτρα Od.19.504

    ;

    οἶνον Alc.35

    , cf. Hdt.4.67, 7.50, X. Mem.3.14.1;

    φερνὰς δόμοις E.Andr. 1282

    ; fetch, Od.2.410;

    χοὰς ἐκ κρήνης S.OC 470

    .
    2 bring, offer, present,

    δῶρα Od.8.428

    , etc.;

    μέλος Pi.P.2.3

    ;

    χοάς τινι A.Ch. 487

    ;

    φ. πέπλον δώρημά τινι S.Tr. 602

    ;

    πρός τινα δῶρα X.An.7.3.31

    ; χάριν τινὶ φ. grant any one a favour, do him a kindness, Il.5.211, Od.5.307, al.;

    ἐπὶ ἦρα φ. τινί Il.1.572

    , Od.3.164, etc.; φ. τισὶ εὐνοίας, ὄνησιν ἀστοῖς, A.Supp. 489, S.OC 287; but after Hom., χάριν τινὶ φ. show gratitude to him, Pi.O.10(11).17; μῆνιν φ. τινί cherish wrath against.. A.Niob. in PSI11.1208.12.
    b = ἄγω iv. 1,

    ἄχρι νῦν καθ' ὥραν ἔτους λέγονται πένθος ἐπὶ Μελεάγρῳ φέρειν Ant.Lib.2.7

    ; Ἰάλεμος· ὁ ἐπὶ τοῖς ἀπολωλόσιν ἀνίαν φέρων, Suid.:—[voice] Med.,

    τοῦ γονέως ἐφ' ᾧ γε τὸ πένθος φέρεσθε Phalar.Ep.103.1

    .
    3 bring, produce, cause, [

    ἀστὴρ] φέρει πυρετὸν βροτοῖσιν Il.22.31

    ;

    ὄσσαν.. ἥ τε φ. κλέος ἀνθρώποισι Od.1.283

    , cf. 3.204; φ. κακόν, πῆμα, ἄλγεα, etc., work one woe, Il.8.541, Od.12.231, 427, etc.; δηϊοτῆτα φ. bring war, 6.203;

    ἐπ' ἀλλήλοισι φ. Ἄρηα Il.3.132

    , cf. 8.516;

    πόλεμον Hes.Sc. 150

    ;

    θάνατον φ. B.5.134

    ;

    τοῦτο εὐδοξίαν σοι οἴσει Pl.Ep. 312c

    ;

    τὸ σωθῆναι τὸ ψεῦδος φέρει S.Ph. 109

    ;

    τέχναι.. φόβον φέρουσιν μαθεῖν A.Ag. 1135

     (lyr.); ὥσπερ τὸ δίκαιον ἔφερε as justice brought with it, brought about, i.e. as was just, no more than just, Hdt.5.58;

    ἀν' ὄ κα φέρῃ ὁ λόγος ὁ ταμία Φιλοκλέος IG42(1).77.13

     (Epid., ii B. C.); of a calculation, yield a result, Vett.Val.349.27; produce, adduce, bring forward,

    παραδείγματα Isoc.7.6

    , etc.;

    πάσας αἰτίας D.58.22

    ;

    ἁρμόττουσαν εἰκόνα Id.61.10

    :—[voice] Pass.,

    εἰς τὴν συνηγορίαν.. τοιαῦτά τινα φέρεται Sor.2.3

    .
    b bring or carry with one, involve,

    τὸ πᾶν ἡμῖν τοῦ πολέμου φέρουσιν αἱ νέες Hdt.8.62

    ; οὐ ξύλων ἀγὼν ὁ τὸ πᾶν φέρων ἐστὶ ἡμῖν, ἀλλ' ἀνδρῶν ib. 100.
    4 μῦθον φ. τινί bring one word, Il.10.288, 15.202; ἀγγελίην φ. bring a message, ib. 175, Od.1.408;

    λόγον Pi.P.8.38

    ;

    ἐπιστολὰς φ. τινί S.Aj. 781

    , cf. Tr. 493;

    ἐπιστολήν X.Ages.8.3

    : hence, tell, announce, πευθώ, φάτιν, A.Th. 370, Ag.9;

    σαφές τι πρᾶγος Id.Pers. 248

     (troch.), cf. Ag. 639, etc.; report, ἀγήν (breakages) PCair.Zen. 15r27 (iii B. C.); φ. κεχωνευκώς reports that he has.., ib.741.26, cf. 147.4, 268.24 (all iii B. C.); enter, book a payment made, PBaden47.12:—[voice] Med.,

    λόγους φ. E.Supp. 583

    ; but also ἀγγελίας ἔπος οἴσῃ thou shalt have it brought thee, receive, Id.Ph. 1546 (lyr.);

    μαντήϊα.. φέρονται Hes.Fr.134.9

    :—[voice] Pass., θάνατον ἀνάγκη φέρεσθαι τοῦ διαθεμένου the death of the testator must be announced, Ep.Heb.9.16.
    5 pay something due or owing, φόρον τέσσαρα τάλαντα φ. pay as a tax or tribute, Th.4.57, cf. IG12.57.9, Pl.Plt. 298a, PCair.Zen.467.7 (iii B. C.);

    δασμόν X.An.5.5.10

    ; σύνοδον φ. subscribe to the expense of a meeting, IG22.1012.14, 1326.6;

    χρήματα πᾶσι τάξαντες φ. Th.1.19

    ;

    μισθὸν φ. X.Cyr.1.6.12

     (but usu., receive, draw, pay,

    μισθὸν δύο δραχμὰς τῆς ἡμέρας Ar.Ach.66

    ;

    τέτταρας τῆς ἡμέρας ὀβολοὺς φέρων Men.357

    ;

    αἱ νῆες μισθὸν ἔφερον Th. 3.17

    , cf. X.An.1.3.21, Oec.1.6);

    φ. ἐννέα ὀβολοὺς τῆς μνᾶς τόκους Lys.Fr.1.2

    , cf. Lycurg.23; also of property, bring in, yield as rent,

    φ. μίσθωσιν τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ Is.5.35

    .
    6 apply, refer,

    τι ἐπί τι Pl. Ti. 37e

    , Chrm. 163d, R. 478b, cf. Plb.3.36.7, al.; φ. τὰ πράγματα ἐπί τινα confer powers upon, Id.2.50.6.
    7 ψῆφον φ. give one's vote, A.Eu. 674, 680, And.1.2, Is.11.18; ψῆφος καθ' ἡμῶν οἴσεται ([voice] Pass.) E.Or. 440;

    περὶ ταύτης ἡ ψῆφος οἰσθήσεται D.44.45

    ;

    ὑπὲρ ἀγῶνος Lycurg.7

    , cf. 11: hence φ. τινά appoint or nominate to an office,

    φ. χορηγόν D.20.130

    , 39.7, cf. Pl.Lg. 753d, Arist.Pol. 1266a10:—[voice] Pass., ibid.;

    ὅπως φέρηται ἐν τῷ στρατιωτικῷ UPZ15.10

     (ii B. C.);

    τῶν φερομένων ἐν Κλεοπάτρᾳ κληρούχων PRein.10.13

    , al. (ii B. C.); φερομένου μου ἐν τῇ συνοχῇ since I am enrolled in prison, i.e. am in prison, BGU1821.21 (i B. C.):—[voice] Med., choose, adopt,

    ταύταν φ. βιοτάν E.Andr. 785

     (lyr.).
    V bring forth, produce, whether of the earth or of trees,

    φ. ἄρουρα φάρμακα Od.4.229

    ;

    ἄμπελοι φ. οἶνον 9.110

    ; [νῆσος] φ. ὥρια πάντα ib. 131, cf. Hes.Op. 117; [

    οὐ] γῆ καρπὸν ἔφερε Hdt.6.139

    ;

    γύαι φ. βίοτον A.Fr.196.5

    , cf. Pi.N.11.41, E.Hec. 593, etc.: abs., bear fruit, be fruitful,

    εὖτ' ἂν τάδε πάντα φέρῃσι h.Merc.91

    ; ἡ γῆ ἔφερε ( καρπόν add. codd. quidam) Hdt.5.82;

    αἱ ἄμπελοι φέρουσιν X.Oec.20.4

    ; also of living beings,

    τόπος ἄνδρας φ. Pl.Ti. 24c

    ;

    ἤνεγκεν αὐτὸν Λαοδίκεια Philostr. VS1.25.1

    ;

    ἡ ἐνεγκοῦσα

     one's country,

    Hld.2.29

    , Lib.Or. 2.66, al., Chor.p.81 B., Lyd.Mag.3.26, dub. in Supp.Epigr.4.439 (Milet.) without Art. (also

    ἡ ἐνεγκαμένη Jul.Ep. 202

    ); or Mother Earth, M.Ant.4.48: generally, create, form,

    Πηνειὸς Τέμπη φ. Philostr.Im.1.25

    ; [

    τὰ βρέφη] ἄρχεται φέρειν τοὺς ὀδόντας Aët.4.9

    ;

    φ. τοὺς κυνόδοντας Gp.16.1.14

    .
    VI carry off or away,

    Κῆρες ἔβαν θανάτοιο φέρουσαι Il.2.302

    ;

    φ. τινὰ ἐκ πόνου 14.429

    , 17.718, etc.; of winds, [ἔπος] φέροιεν ἀναρπάξασαι ἄελλαι may the winds sweep away the word, Od.8.409; of a river, Hdt.1.189:—[voice] Med., carry off with one, Od.15.19.
    2 carry away as booty or prize, ἔναρα, τεύχεα, Il.6.480, 17.70;

    αἶγα λέοντε φ. 13.199

    ; δεῖπνον φ., of Harpies, A.Eu.51;

    ἐνέχυρα βίᾳ φ. Antipho 6.11

    ; in the phrase φέρειν καὶ ἄγειν (cf.

    ἄγω 1.3

    ), IG12.69.19; φέροντα ἢ ἄγοντα Lex ap.D.23.60;

    αἴ κα.. ἄγῃ ἢ φέρῃ Leg.Gort.5.37

    ;

    ἥρπαζον καὶ ἔφερον Lys.20.17

    ;

    κείρων ἢ φέρων IG12(9).90.10

     (Tamynae, iv B. C.);

    αἴ τίς κα.. φέρει τι τῶν ἐν τᾷ ἱαρᾷ γᾷ Tab.Heracl.1.128

    ; of a divorced wife,

    αἰ δέ τι ἄλλο φέροι τῶ ἀνδρός, πέντε στατῆρανς καταστασεῖ κὤτι κα φέρῃ αὐτόν Leg.Gort.3.2

    ; φέρειν alone, rob, plunder,

    θεῶν ἱερά E.Hec. 804

    ;

    ἀλλήλους Th.1.7

    ; abs., SIG38.23 (Teos, v B. C.):—[voice] Pass.,

    φερόμενοι Βακχῶν ὕπο E.Ba. 759

    :—[voice] Med. in same sense,

    ἔναρα Il.22.245

    ;

    πελέκεας οἶκόνδε φ. 23.856

    ;

    ἀτερπέα δαῖτα Od.10.124

    , cf. 15.378.
    3 carry off, gain, esp. by toil or trouble, win, achieve, both [voice] Act. and [voice] Med.,

    ἤ κε φέρῃσι μέγα κράτος ἦ κε φεροίμην Il.18.308

    ;

    φέρειν τρίποδα Hes.Op. 657

    ;

    τἀπινίκια S.El. 692

    ;

    τιμήν Ar. Av. 1278

    ; τἀριστεῖα, τὰ νικητήρια, Pl.R. 468c, Lg. 657e;

    πέρα.. οὐδὲν φ. S.OC 651

    ;

    ἐκ σοῦ πάντ' ἄνευ φόβου φ. Id.OT 590

    ; τίς.. πλέον τᾶς εὐδαιμονίας φέρει ἤ .. ; ib. 1190 (lyr.), cf. El. 1088 (lyr.); in bad sense,

    μείζω τὴν αἰσχύνην φ. Pl.Lg. 671e

    : also, receive one's due,

    φ. χάριν S.OT 764

    ;

    ὡς τοῦτό γ' ἔρξας δύο φέρῃ δωρήματα Id.Ph. 117

    ; μισθὸν φέρειν (v. supr. iv.5); of a priest's perquisites,

    φέρει ὁ ἱαρεὺς γέρη σκέλη κτλ. BMus.Inscr.968

     A 9 ([place name] Cos), cf. IG12.24.10, al., SIG56.35 (Argos, v B. C.):—[voice] Med. (v. ad init.), win for oneself,

    κῦδος οἴσεσθαι Il.22.217

    ; δέπας, τεύχεα, carry off as a prize, 23.663, 809, al.; ἀέθλια or ἄεθλον φ. carry off, win a prize, 9.127, 23.413; τὰ πρῶτα φέρεσθαι (sc. ἄεθλα) 23.275, 538;

    οὐ σμικρὸν ἆθλον τῆς ἐρωτικῆς μανίας φέρονται Pl.Phdr. 256d

    ; of perquisites, τὸ.. σκέλος τοὶ ἱαρομνάμονες φερόσθω (i. e. φερούσθω from Φερόνσθω) IG42(1).40.13 (Epid., v/iv B. C.): hence

    οὐ τὰ δεύτερα Hdt.8.104

    ; πλέον φέρεσθαι get more or a larger share for onself, gain the advantage over any one, τινος Hdt.7.211, cf. S.OT 500 (lyr.), E.Hec. 308; ταῦτα ἐπὶ σμικρόν τι ἐφέροντο τοῦ πολέμου this they received as a small help towards the war, Hdt.4.129;

    ἠνείκατο παρὰ Ἐγεσταίων τὰ οὐδεὶς ἄλλος 5.47

    ;

    ἴδια κέρδεα προσδεκόμενοι παρὰ τοῦ Πέρσεω οἴσεσθαι 6.100

    ;

    χάριν φέρεσθαι παρ' ὑμῶν And.2.9

    ;

    φ. τὴν ἀπέχθειαν αὐτῶν Antipho 3.4.2

    ;

    ὀνείδη Pl.Lg. 762a

    ;

    εὐσέβειαν ἐκ πατρὸς οἴσῃ S.El. 969

    ;

    δάκρυ πρὸς τῶν κλυόντων A.Pr. 638

    ;

    ἀπό τινος βοσκάν Id.Eu. 266

     (lyr.);

    ἐξ ἀνανδρίας τοὔνομα Aeschin.1.131

    : generally, get for one's own use and profit, take and carry away, esp. to one's own home,

    τοῦ.. πάμπρωτα παρ' ἀγλαὰ δῶρα φέροιο Il.4.97

    : hence φέρειν or φέρεσθαι is often used pleon., v. infr. xi.
    VII abs., of roads or ways, lead to a place,

    ὁδὸν φέρουσαν ἐς ἱρόν Hdt.2.122

    , cf. 138; τὴν φέρουσαν ἄνω (sc. ὁδόν) Id.9.69;

    τῆς μὲν ἐς ἀριστερὴν ἐπὶ Καρίης φ., τῆς δὲ ἐς δεξιὴν ἐς Σάρδις Id.7.31

    ;

    ἐπὶ Σοῦσα X.An.3.5.15

    ;

    ἁπλῆ οἶμος εἰς Ἅιδου φέρει A.Fr. 239

    ;

    ἡ ἐς Θήβας φέρουσα ὁδός Th.3.24

     (but ἡ ἐπ' Ἀθηνῶν φέρουσα ibid.); also ἡ θύρα ἡ εἰς τὸν κῆπον φ. the door leading to the garden, D.47.53; αἱ εἰς τὴν πόλιν φ. πύλαι, αἱ ἐπὶ τὸ τεῖχος φ. κλίμακες, X.HG7.2.7, cf. PMich.Zen.38.27 (iii B. C.), Plb.10.12.3.
    b of time,

    τῇ νυκτὶ τῇ φερούσῃ εἰς τὴν β τοῦ Παχών PPetr.3p

    .x (iii B. C.), cf. PTeb.61 (b) 288 (ii B. C.), BGU1832.5 (i B. C.), etc.
    3 metaph., lead to or towards, be conducive to,

    ἐς αἰσχύνην φέρει Hdt.1.10

    ;

    τὰ ἐς ἄκεσιν φέροντα Id.4.90

    ; ἐς βλάβην, ἐς φόβον φέρον, S.OT 517, 991;

    εἰς ὄκνον E.Supp. 295

    : esp. in good sense, tend, conduce to one's interest, ἐπ' ἀμφότερά τοι φέρει (impers.)

    ταῦτα ποιέειν Hdt.3

    . 134; so

    τὰ πρὸς τὸ ὑγιαίνειν φέροντα X.Mem.4.2.31

    ;

    τροφαὶ μέγα φ. εἰς ἀρετάν E.IA 562

    (lyr.); μέγα τι οἰόμεθα φέρειν (sc. κοινωνίαν γυναικῶν τε καὶ παίδων)

    εἰς πολιτείαν Pl.R. 449d

    ; τὰ καλὰ ἐπιτηδεύματα εἰς ἀρετῆς κτῆσιν φ. ib. 444e, cf. X.Cyr.8.1.42; τοῦτο ἔφερεν αὐτῷ was for his good, M.Ant.5.8.
    b point to, refer to a thing,

    ἐς τί ὑμῖν ταῦτα φαίνεται φέρειν; Hdt.1.120

    ; φωνὴ φέρουσα πρός τινα addressed to him, Id.1.159;

    ἐς ἀρηΐους ἀγῶνας φέρον τὸ μαντήϊον Id.9.33

    , cf. 6.19; [ὄψις] φέρει ἐπὶ πᾶσαν γῆν refers to.., extends over.., Id.7.19; τὰ ἴχνη τῆς ὑποψίας εἰς τοῦτον φ. point to him, Antipho 2.3.10;

    πρός τινας Pl.R. 538c

    ;

    ταύτῃ <ὁ> νόος ἔφερε Hdt.9.120

    ; ἡ τοῦ δήμου φέρει γνώμη, ὡς .., the people's opinion inclines to this, that.., Id.4.11;

    ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτὸ αἱ γνῶμαι ἔφερον Th.1.79

    : c. inf., τῶν ἡ γνώμη ἔφερε συμβάλλειν whose opinion inclined to giving battle, Hdt.6.110, cf. 5.118; πλέον ἔφερέ οἱ ἡ γνώμη κατεργάσεσθαι his opinion inclined rather to the view.., Hdt.8.100, cf. 3.77.
    VIII carry or have in the mouth, i. e. speak of,

    πολύν τινα ἐν ταῖς διαβολαῖς φέρειν Aeschin.3.223

    ; use a word,

    οὐκ οἶδα καθ' ὁποτέρου τούτων οἱ παλαιοὶ τὸ τῆς ζειᾶς ἔφερον ὄνομα Gal.Vict.Att.6

    , cf. 7.644, 15.753, 876; record an event,

    οἱ δευτέρῳ μετὰ τὴν ἔξοδον.. ἔτει φέροντες αὐτήν D.H.1.63

    : more freq. in [voice] Pass., πονηρῶς, εὖ, φέρεσθαι, to be ill or well spoken of, X.HG1.5.17, 2.1.6;

    ἀτίμως ὑπὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων φ. Pl.Ep. 328e

    ; abs., φέρεται [the report] is carried about, i.e. it is said, c. acc. et inf.,

    τοιόνδε φέρεται πρῆγμα γίνεσθαι Hdt.8.104

     (v.l.); ἐν χρόνοις φέρεται μνημονευομένοις is recorded as occurring within historical times, Str.1.3.15;

    ὅτε καὶ Δημόκριτος φέρεται τελευτήσας Sor.Vit.Hippocr.11

    ;

    κρίνομεν.. τὰ γραφέντα ὑφ' ἡμῶν προστάγματα ἐν τοῖς ἱεροῖς νόμοις φέρεσθαι παρ' ὑμῖν OGI331.60

     (Pergam., ii B. C.);

    ὧν τὰ ὀνόματα φέρεται

     are in use,

    Ptol.Geog.7.4.11

    ; of literary works, to be in circulation,

    ἐπιστόλιον αὐτοῦ τοιοῦτον φέρεται Plu.2.808a

    , cf. 209e, 832d, 833c, al., Jul.Or.6.189b, Gp.2.35.8, Eun.VSp.456 B.; πρόλογοι διττοὶ φέρονται Arg.E.Rh.; ὁ στίχος οὗτος ἔν τισιν οὐ φέρεται Sch.E. Ph. 377, cf. Sch.Il.8.557.
    2 of words, φέρεσθαι ἐπί τι to refer to something, A.D.Pron.61.5, Synt.21.14, al.
    IX imper. φέρε like ἄγε, as Adv., come, now, well,
    1 before another imper.,

    φέρε γὰρ σήμαινε A.Pr. 296

     (anap.);

    φέρ' εἰπὲ δή μοι S.Ant. 534

    ;

    φ. δή μοι τόδε εἰπέ Pl.Cra. 385b

    ; so

    φέρετε.. πειρᾶσθε Hdt.4.127

    .
    2 before [ per.] 1sg. or pl. of subj. used imperatively, φέρε ἀκούσω, φέρε στήσωμεν, Hdt.1.11,97;

    φ. δὲ νῦν.. φράσω Id.2.14

    ;

    φέρ' ἴδω, τί δ' ἥσθην; Ar.Ach.4

    ;

    φέρε δὴ κατίδω Id. Pax 361

    , cf. 959; φ. δὴ ἴδωμεν, φ. δὴ σκεψώμεθα, Pl.Grg. 455a, Prt. 330b, cf. E.Or. 1281 (lyr.), Ph. 276, etc.: less freq. before 2 pers.,

    φέρε.. μάθῃς S.Ph. 300

    .
    3 before a rhetorical question,

    φέρε.. τροπαῖα πῶς ἀναστήσεις; E.Ph. 571

    ;

    φ. δὴ νῦν.. τί γαμεῖθ' ἡμᾶς; Ar.Th. 788

     (anap.), cf. Ach. 541, Pl.R. 348c; φ. μῶν οὐκ ἀνάγκη .. ; Id.Lg. 805d; φ. πρὸς θεῶν πῶς .. ; Id.Grg. 514d; freq. in phrase

    φέρε γάρ, φέρε τίς γὰρ οὗτος; Ar.Nu. 218

    ;

    φ. γὰρ πρὸς τίνας χρὴ πολεμεῖν; Isoc.4.183

    , cf. Antipho 5.36; also

    φ. δή Pl.Grg. 455a

    , al.: usu. first in a sentence, but

    τὴν ἀνδρείαν δὲ φ. τί θῶμεν; Id.Lg. 633c

    , etc.
    4 φέρε δή, ἐάν πῃ διαλλαχθῶμεν .. come let us see if we can.., Id.Cra. 430a.
    5 φέρε c. inf., suppose, grant that..

    φ. λέγειν τινά Plu.2.98b

    ; φ. εἰπεῖν let us say, D.Chr.31.93, 163, Porph.Abst.3.3;

    οἷον φ. εἰ. Iamb. in Nic.p.47

     P., al. ( οἷον φέρε alone, Hierocl. in CA11p.439M.).
    X part. neut. τὸ φέρον, as Subst., destiny, fate, τὸ φ. ἐκ θεοῦ [καλῶς] φέρειν [χρή] ye must bear nobly what heaven bears to you, awards you, S.OC 1693 (lyr., codd., sed secl. καλῶς, χρή)

    ; εἰ τὸ φερον σε φέρει, φέρε καὶ φέρου AP 10.73

     (Pall.).
    2 part. φέρων in all genders freq. joined with another Verb:
    a to express a subsidiary action, φέρων ἔδωκε he brought and gave, Od.22.146; δὸς τῷ ξείνῳ ταῦτα φέρων take this and give it him, 17.345; ἔγχος ἔστησε φέρων brought the spear and placed it, 1.127; σῖτον παρέθηκε φέρουσα ib. 139, al., cf. S.Tr. 622;

    τοῦτο ἐλθὼν οἴκαδε φέρων τῷ πατρὶ ἔδωκα Pl.Hp.Ma. 282e

    , cf. R. 345b; so

    ὁ μὲν Ἐπίχαρμον.. εἰς δέκα τόμους φέρων συνήγαγεν Porph.Plot. 24

    ; ἑκάστῃ ἐννεάδι τὰ οἰκεῖα φέρων συνεφόρησα ibid., etc.; sts. translatable by with,

    ᾤχοντο φέροντες τὰ γράμματα Th.7.8

    .
    b intr., in pass. sense, to denote unrestrained action,

    νῦν σε μάλ' οἴω.. φέροντα.. φιλητεύσειν h.Merc. 159

    ; φέρουσα ἐνέβαλε νηΐ φιλίῃ she went and rammed, rammed full tilt, Hdt.8.87; ὅταν ἐπὶ θάτερ' ὥσπερ εἰς τρυτάνην ἀργύριον προσενέγκῃς, οἴχεται φέρον down it sinks, D.5.12;

    τὰ μὲν ἄλλα μέρη τοῦ πολέμου παρῆκαν, φέροντες δὲ παντὶ τῷ στρατεύματι πρὸς αὐτὸν Ἀκράγαντα προσήρεισαν

     hurling themselves,

    Plb.1.17.8

    ;

    εἰς τοῦτο φέρων περιέστησε τὰ πράγματα Aeschin.3.82

    ; ὑπέβαλεν ἑαυτὸν φέρων Θηβαίοις ib.90, cf. 1.175, 3.143,146; in the foll. passages φέρων accompanies a Verb of throwing, giving, entrusting, or dedicating, and expresses wholehearted action, whether wise or unwise; there is always an accus., freq. of the reflex. Pron., governed by the principal Verb (or perh. by φέρων): ἐπεὶ ἐς τοὺς κρατῆρας ἐμαυτὸν φέρων ἐνέβαλον (sc. ὁ Ἐμπεδοκλῆς ) when I went (or took) and threw myself.., Luc.Icar.13, cf. Fug.1, Plu.Comp.Arist. Cat.1, Fab.6, Per.12, Paus.1.30.1, Ael.VH8.14, Frr.10,69, Philostr. VA3.4;

    τὴν κατασκευὴν.. φέρων ἐδωρήσατο τῇ μητρί D.S.31.27

    , cf. Ach.Tat.1.7;

    σεαυτὸν.. φέρων ἀπημπόληκας Luc.Merc.Cond.24

    ;

    τί παθόντες.. τοῖς ἀτέκνοις τῶν γερόντων ἐσποιεῖτε φέροντες αὑτούς; Luc. DMort.6.3

    , cf. Ind.19, Laps.22; ταύτῃ (sc. τῇ ὀργῇ)

    φέρων ὑπέθηκεν ἑαυτόν Plu.Them.24

    , cf. Per.7;

    τούτῳ φέροντες ὑποβάλλουσι τοὺς υἱούς Id.2.4b

    , cf. Luc.6, Pomp.27, Ael.VH6.1, Max.Tyr.1.2;

    προσέθετο φέρων ἑαυτὸν ἐκείνῳ Eun.VS p.456

     B., cf.pp.461,465 B., Dam. ap. Suid. s.v. Σεβηριανός; ἀλλὰ σοὶ μὲν, ὦ θεῶν πάτερ, ἐμαυτὸν φέρων ἀναθήσω Jul.Or.7.231b.
    3 ἔκκρισις.. ἐκ μικρῶν φέρουσα διαστημάτων occurring at short intervals, Sor.2.45.
    XI φέρειν, φέρεσθαι are freq. added epexegetically to δίδωμι and similar Verbs,

    δῶκεν.. τρίποδα φέρειν Il.23.513

    , cf. 16.665, 17.131;

    τεύχεα.. δότω φέρεσθαι 11.798

    , cf. Od.21.349, E.Tr. 419, 454(troch.).
    B [voice] Pass. is used in most of the above senses:—special cases:
    I to be borne or carried involuntarily, esp. to be borne along by waves or winds, to be swept away, φέρεσθαι ἀνέμοισι, θυέλλῃ, Od.9.82, 10.54, cf. A.Pers. 276 (lyr.), etc.; πᾶν δ' ἦμαρ φερόμην, of Hephaestus falling from Olympus, Il.1.592; ἧκε φέρεσθαι he sent him flying, 21.120; ἧκα πόδας καὶ χεῖρε φέρεσθαι I let go my hands and feet, let them swing free [in the leap], Od.12.442, cf. 19.468; μέγα φέρεται πὰρ σέθεν, of a word uttered, comes with weight, Pi.P.1.87;

    βίᾳ φέρεται Pl.Phdr. 254a

    ;

    πνεῦμα φερόμενον Id.R. 496d

    ;

    τὸ πνεῦμα κατὰ τὰς ἀναπνοὰς εἴσω τε καὶ ἔξω φέρεται Gal.16.520

    ;

    ῥεῖν καὶ φέρεσθαι Pl.Cra. 411c

    ;

    φ. εἰς τὸν Τάρταρον Id.Phd. 114b

    ; simply, move, go,

    ποῖ γᾶς φέρομαι; S.OT 1309

     (anap.);

    οὐκ οἶσθ' ὅποι γῆς οὐδ' ὅποι γνώμης φέρῃ Id.El. 922

    , cf. E.Hec. 1076 (anap.), etc.; of the excreta,

    τὰ φερόμενα.. εἰ μὲν αὐτομάτως φέροιτο Philum.

     ap. Aët.9.12;

    πρὸς κοιλίαν φερομένην Aët.4.19

    : metaph.,

    εἰς τὸ λοιδορεῖν φέρῃ E.Andr. 729

    ;

    πρὸς τὴν τοῦ κάλλους φύσιν Pl.Phdr. 254b

    , cf. X.Mem.2.1.4; ἐπὶ ταὐτὸ φέρονται have the same tendency, Phld.Vit.p.42 J.;

    ἀπὸ δογμάτων καὶ ἀπὸ θεωρημάτων φ. Vett.Val.238.30

    ; of veins, to be conveyed, Gal.15.531; also ἡ φερομένη οὐσία (the doctrine of) universal motion, Pl.Tht. 177c; οἱ φερόμενοι θεοί the moving gods, i. e. the stars and planets, Plot.2.3.9.
    2 freq. in part. with another Verb of motion, φερόμενοι ἐσέπιπτον ἐς τοὺς Αἰγινήτας they fell into their hands with a rush, at full speed, Hdt.8.91;

    ἀπὸ.. ἐλπίδος ᾠχόμην φερόμενος Pl.Phd. 98b

    ;

    ἧκε φερόμενος εἰς τὴν ἑαυτοῦ φύσιν Aeschin.3.89

    .
    3 of voluntary and impulsive motion,

    ἰθὺς φέρεται μένει Il.20.172

    ; ὁμόσε τινὶ φέρεσθαι come to blows with him, X.Cyn.10.21;

    δρόμῳ φ. πρός τινα Id.HG4.8.37

    ;

    φυγῇ εἰς ἑαυτοὺς φ. Id.Cyr.1.4.23

    ;

    ἥξει ἐπ' ἐκεῖνον τὸν λόγον φερόμενος Lycurg.59

    ;

    φερόμενος ὑπ' ὀργῆς D.H.Comp.18

    .
    II metaph., καλῶς, κακῶς φέρεσθαι, of things, schemes, etc., turn out, prosper well or ill, succeed or fail,

    οὔτ' ἂν.. νόμοι καλῶς φέροιντ' ἄν S.Aj. 1074

    ;

    κακῶς φ. τὰ ἑαυτοῦ X.HG3.4.25

    ;

    εὖ φέρεται ἡ γεωργία Id.Oec.5.17

    ; ὀλιγώρως ἔχειν καὶ ἐᾶν ταῦτα φέρεσθαι to neglect things and let them take their course, D.8.67; less freq. of persons, fare well or ill, εὖ φερόμενος ἐν στρατηγίαις being generally successful.., Th.5.16, cf. 15;

    καλῶς φερόμενος τὸ καθ' ἑαυτόν Id.2.60

    ;

    φ. ἐν προτιμήσει παρά τινι D.S.33.5

    ;

    χεῖρον φερομένη παρὰ τἀδελφῷ J.AJ16.7.6

    ; of euphonious writing,

    σύνθεσις καλῶς φερομένη Phld.Po.5.26

    .
    2 behave, ὑποκριτικῶς, ἀστάτως, etc., Vett.Val.38.20, 197.8, al.
    C [voice] Med.: for its chief usages, v. supr. A. VI. 3.

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > φέρω

  • 9 πνεῦμα

    πνεῦμα, ατος, τό (πνέω; Aeschyl., Pre-Socr., Hdt.+. On the history of the word s. Rtzst., Mysterienrel.3 308ff).
    ① air in movement, blowing, breathing (even the glowing exhalations of a volcanic crater: Diod S 5, 7, 3)
    ⓐ wind (Aeschyl. et al.; LXX, EpArist, Philo; Jos., Ant. 2, 343; 349; SibOr 8, 297) in wordplay τὸ πνεῦμα πνεῖ the wind blows J 3:8a (EpJer 60 πνεῦμα ἐν πάσῃ χώρᾳ πνεῖ. But s. TDonn, ET 66, ’54f, 32; JThomas, Restoration Qtrly 24, ’81, 219–24). ὀθόνη πλοίου ὑπὸ πνεύματος πληρουμένη MPol 15:2. Of God ὁ ποιῶν τοὺς ἀγγέλους αὐτοῦ πνεύματα who makes his angels winds Hb 1:7; 1 Cl 36:3 (both Ps 103:4).
    ⓑ the breathing out of air, blowing, breath (Aeschyl. et al.; Pla., Tim. 79b; LXX) ὁ ἄνομος, ὅν ὁ κύριος Ἰησοῦς ἀνελεῖ τῷ πνεύματι τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ 2 Th 2:8 (cp. Is 11:4; Ps 32:6).
    ② that which animates or gives life to the body, breath, (life-)spirit (Aeschyl. et al.; Phoenix of Colophon 1, 16 [Coll. Alex. p. 231] πν.=a breathing entity [in contrast to becoming earth in death]; Polyb. 31, 10, 4; Ps.-Aristot., De Mundo 4 p. 394b, 8ff; PHib 5, 54 [III B.C.]; PGM 4, 538; 658; 2499; LXX; TestAbr A 17 p. 98, 19 [Stone p. 44] al.; JosAs 19:3; SibOr 4, 46; Tat. 4:2) ἀφιέναι τὸ πνεῦμα give up one’s spirit, breathe one’s last (Eur., Hec. 571; Porphyr., Vi. Plotini 2) Mt 27:50. J says for this παραδιδόναι τὸ πν. 19:3 (cp. ApcMos 31 ἀποδῶ τὸ πν.; Just., D. 105, 5). Of the return of the (life-)spirit of a deceased person into her dead body ἐπέστρεψεν τὸ πν. αὐτῆς Lk 8:55 (cp. Jdg 15:19). εἰς χεῖράς σου παρατίθεμαι τὸ πν. μου into your hands I entrust my spirit 23:46 (Ps 30:6; for alleged focus on ἐλπίζειν s. EBons, BZ 38, ’94, 93–101). κύριε Ἰησοῦ, δέξαι τὸ πνεῦμά μου Ac 7:59; composite of both passages AcPl Ha 10, 23 (cp. ApcMos 42). τὸ πν. μου ὁ δεσπότης δέξεται GJs 23:3 (on the pneuma flying upward after death cp. Epicharm. in Vorsokrat. 23 [=13, 4th ed.], B 9 and 22; Eur., Suppl. 533 πνεῦμα μὲν πρὸς αἰθέρα, τὸ σῶμα δʼ ἐς γῆν; PGM 1, 177ff τελευτήσαντός σου τὸ σῶμα περιστελεῖ, σοῦ δὲ τὸ πνεῦμα … εἰς ἀέρα ἄξει σὺν αὑτῷ ‘when you are dead [the angel] will wrap your body … and take your spirit with him into the sky’). τὸ σῶμα χωρὶς πν. νεκρόν ἐστιν Js 2:26. πν. ζωῆς ἐκ τ. θεοῦ εἰσῆλθεν ἐν αὐτοῖς (i.e. the prophet-witnesses who have been martyred) Rv 11:11 (cp. Ezk 37:10 v.l. εἰσῆλθεν εἰς αὐτοὺς πνεῦμα ζωῆς; vs. 5). Of the spirit that animated the image of a beast, and enabled it to speak and to have Christians put to death 13:15.—After a person’s death, the πν. lives on as an independent being, in heaven πνεύματα δικαὶων τετελειωμένων Hb 12:23 (cp. Da 3:86 εὐλογεῖτε, πνεύματα καὶ ψυχαὶ δικαίων, τὸν κύριον). According to non-biblical sources, the πν. are in the netherworld (cp. En 22:3–13; Sib Or 7, 127) or in the air (PGM 1, 178), where evil spirits can prevent them from ascending higher (s. ἀήρ2b). τοῖς ἐν φυλακῇ πνεύμασιν πορευθεὶς ἐκήρυξεν 1 Pt 3:19 belongs here if it refers to Jesus’ preaching to the spirits of the dead confined in Hades (so Usteri et al.; s. also JMcCulloch, The Harrowing of Hell, 1930), whether it be when he descended into Hades, or when he returned to heaven (so RBultmann, Bekenntnis u. Liedfragmente im 1 Pt: ConNeot11, ’47, 1–14).—CClemen, Niedergefahren zu den Toten 1900; JTurmel, La Descente du Christ aux enfers 1905; JMonnier, La Descente aux enfers 1906; HHoltzmann, ARW 11, 1908, 285–97; KGschwind, Die Niederfahrt Christi in die Unterwelt 1911; DPlooij, De Descensus in 1 Pt 3:19 en 4:6: TT 47, 1913, 145–62; JBernard, The Descent into Hades a Christian Baptism (on 1 Pt 3:19ff): Exp. 8th ser., 11, 1916, 241–74; CSchmidt, Gespräche Jesu mit seinen Jüngern: TU 43, 1919, 452ff; JFrings, BZ 17, 1926, 75–88; JKroll, Gott u. Hölle ’32; RGanschinietz, Katabasis: Pauly-W. X/2, 1919, 2359–449; Clemen2 89–96; WBieder, Die Vorstellung v. d. Höllenfahrt Jesu Chr. ’49; SJohnson, JBL 79, ’60, 48–51; WDalton, Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits ’65. S. also the lit. in Windisch, Hdb.2 1930, exc. on 1 Pt 3:20; ESelwyn, The First Ep. of St. Peter ’46 and 4c below.—This is prob. also the place for θανατωθεὶς μὲν σαρκὶ ζωοποιηθεὶς δὲ πνεύματι• ἐν ᾧ καὶ … 1 Pt 3:18f (some mss. read πνεύματι instead of πνεύμασιν in vs. 19, evidently in ref. to the manner of Jesus’ movement; πνεῦμα is that part of Christ which, in contrast to σάρξ, did not pass away in death, but survived as an individual entity after death; s. ἐν 7). Likew. the contrast κατὰ σάρκα … κατὰ πνεῦμα Ro 1:3f. Cp. 1 Ti 3:16.
    ③ a part of human personality, spirit
    ⓐ when used with σάρξ, the flesh, it denotes the immaterial part 2 Cor 7:1; Col 2:5. Flesh and spirit=the whole personality, in its outer and inner aspects, oft. in Ign.: IMg 1:2; 13:1a; ITr ins; 12:1; IRo ins; ISm 1:1; IPol 5:1; AcPl Ant 13, 18 (=Aa I 237, 3).—In the same sense beside σῶμα, the body (Simplicius, In Epict. p. 50, 1; Ps.-Phoc. 106f; PGM 1, 178) 1 Cor 5:3–5; 7:34.—The inner life of humans is divided into ψυχὴ καὶ πνεῦμα (cp. Ps.-Pla., Axioch. 10 p. 370c τὶ θεῖον ὄντως ἐνῆν πνεῦμα τῇ ψυχῇ=a divine spirit was actually in the soul; Wsd 15:11; Jos., Ant. 1, 34; Tat. 13, 2; 15, 1 et al.; Ath. 27, 1. S. also Herm. Wr. 10, 13; 16f; PGM 4, 627; 630. ἐκ τριῶν συνεστάναι λέγουσι τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἐκ ψυχῆς καὶ σώματος καὶ πνεύματος Did., Gen. 55, 14) Hb 4:12. Cp. Phil 1:27. τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ ἡ ψυχὴ καὶ τὸ σῶμα 1 Th 5:23 (s. GMilligan, Thess. 1908, 78f; EvDobschütz in Meyer X7 1909, 230ff; EBurton, Spirit, Soul, and Flesh 1918; AFestugière, La Trichotomie des 1 Th 5:23 et la Philos. gr.: RSR 20, 1930, 385–415; CMasson, RTP 33, ’45, 97–102; FGrant, An Introd. to NT Thought ’50, 161–66). σαρκί, ψυχῇ, πνεύματι IPhld 11:2.
    ⓑ as the source and seat of insight, feeling, and will, gener. as the representative part of human inner life (cp. PGM 4, 627; 3 Km 20:5; Sir 9:9 al.; Just., D. 30, 1; Did., Gen. 232, 5) ἐπιγνοὺς ὁ Ἰησοῦς τῷ πν. αὐτοῦ Mk 2:8. ἀναστενάξας τῷ πν. αὐτοῦ λέγει 8:12 (s. ἀναστενάζω). ἠγαλλίασεν τὸ πν. μου Lk 1:47 (in parallelism w. ψυχή vs. 46, as Sir 9:9). ἠγαλλιάσατο τῷ πν. 10:21 v.l., Ἰησοῦς ἐνεβριμήσατο τῷ πν. J 11:33 (s. ἐμβριμάομαι 3); Ἰης. ἐταράχθη τῷ πν. 13:21. παρωξύνετο τὸ πν. αὐτοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ Ac 17:16; ζέων τῷ πν. with spirit-fervor 18:25 (s. ζέω). τὸ παιδίον ἐκραταιοῦτο πνεύματι Lk 1:80; 2:40 v.l.; ἔθετο ὁ Παῦλος ἐν τῷ πν. Paul made up his mind Ac 19:21 (some would put this pass. in 6c, but cp. Lk 1:66 and analogous formulations Hom. et al. in L-S-J-M s.v. τίθημι A6). προσκυνήσουσιν τῷ πατρὶ ἐν πνεύματι of the spiritual, i.e. the pure, inner worship of God, that has nothing to do w. holy times, places, appurtenances, or ceremonies J 4:23; cp. vs. 24b. πν. συντετριμμένον (Ps 50:19) 1 Cl 18:17; 52:4.—2 Cl 20:4; Hv 3, 12, 2; 3, 13, 2.—This usage is also found in Paul. His conviction (s. 5 below) that the Christian possesses the (divine) πνεῦμα and thus is different fr. all other people, leads him to choose this word in preference to others, in order to characterize a believer’s inner being gener. ᾧ λατρεύω ἐν τῷ πν. μου Ro 1:9. οὐκ ἔσχηκα ἄνεσιν τῷ πν. μου 2 Cor 2:13. Cp. 7:13. As a matter of fact, it can mean simply a person’s very self or ego: τὸ πνεῦμα συμμαρτυρεῖ τῷ πνεύματι ἡμῶν the Spirit (of God) bears witness to our very self Ro 8:16 (cp. PGM 12, 327 ἠκούσθη μου τὸ πνεῦμα ὑπὸ πνεύματος οὐρανοῦ). ἀνέπαυσαν τὸ ἐμὸν πν. καὶ τὸ ὑμῶν they have refreshed both me and you 1 Cor 16:18. ἡ χάρις τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰ. Χρ. μετά τοῦ πν. (ὑμῶν) Gal 6:18; Phil 4:23; Phlm 25. Cp. 2 Ti 4:22. Likew. in Ign. τὸ ἐμὸν πν. my (unworthy) self IEph 18:1; IRo 9:3; cp. 1 Cor 2:11a—On the relation of the divine Spirit to the believer’s spiritual self, s. SWollenweider, Der Geist Gottes als Selbst der Glaubenden: ZTK 93, ’96, 163–92.—Only a part of the inner life, i.e. that which concerns the will, is meant in τὸ μὲν πνεῦμα πρόθυμον, ἡ δὲ σὰρξ ἀσθενής Mt 26:41; Mk 14:38; Pol 7:2. That which is inferior, anxiety, fear of suffering, etc. is attributed to the σάρξ.—The mng. of the expr. οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι Mt 5:3 is difficult to determine w. certainty (cp. Pla., Ep. 7, 335a πένης ἀνὴρ τὴν ψυχήν. The dat. as τῇ ψυχῇ M. Ant. 6, 52; 8, 51). The sense is prob. those who are poor in their inner life, because they do not have a misdirected pride in their own spiritual riches (s. AKlöpper, Über den Sinn u. die ursprgl. Form der ersten Seligpreisung der Bergpredigt bei Mt: ZWT 37, 1894, 175–91; RKabisch, Die erste Seligpreisung: StKr 69, 1896, 195–215; KKöhler, Die ursprgl. Form der Seligpreisungen: StKr 91, 1918, 157–92; JBoehmer, De Schatkamer 17, 1923, 11–16, TT [Copenhagen] 4, 1924, 195–207, JBL 45, 1926, 298–304; WMacgregor, ET 39, 1928, 293–97; VMacchioro, JR 12, ’32, 40–49; EEvans, Theology 47, ’44, 55–60; HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion 1922, 134ff; Betz, SM 116 n. 178 for Qumran reff.).
    ⓒ spiritual state, state of mind, disposition ἐν ἀγάπῃ πνεύματί τε πραΰτητος with love and a gentle spirit 1 Cor 4:21; cp. Gal 6:1. τὸ πν. τοῦ νοὸς ὑμῶν Eph 4:23 (s. νοῦς 2a). ἐν τῷ ἀφθάρτῳ τοῦ ἡσυχίου πνεύματος with the imperishable (gift) of a quiet disposition 1 Pt 3:4.
    ④ an independent noncorporeal being, in contrast to a being that can be perceived by the physical senses, spirit (ELangton, Good and Evil Spirits ’42).
    ⓐ God personally: πνεῦμα ὁ θεός J 4:24a (Ath. 16, 2; on God as a spirit, esp. in the Stoa, s. MPohlenz, D. Stoa ’48/49. Hdb. ad loc. Also Celsus 6, 71 [Stoic]; Herm. Wr. 18, 3 ἀκάματον μέν ἐστι πνεῦμα ὁ θεός).
    ⓑ good, or at least not expressly evil spirits or spirit-beings (cp. CIG III, 5858b δαίμονες καὶ πνεύματα; Proclus on Pla., Cratyl. p. 69, 6; 12 Pasqu.; En 15:4; 6; 8; 10; TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 15f [Stone p. 10, 15f] πάντα τὰ ἐπουράνια πνεύματα; TestAbr B 13 p. 117, 26 [Stone p. 82] ὑψηλὸν πν.; PGM 3, 8 ἐπικαλοῦμαί σε, ἱερὸν πνεῦμα; 4, 1448; 3080; 12, 249) πνεῦμα w. ἄγγελος (cp. Jos., Ant. 4, 108; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 3, 33; 8, 12) Ac 23:8f. God is ὁ παντὸς πνεύματος κτίστης καὶ ἐπίσκοπος 1 Cl 59:3b.—Pl., God the μόνος εὐεργέτης πνεύματων 1 Cl 59:3a. Cp. 64 (s. on this Num 16:22; 27:16. Prayers for vengeance fr. Rheneia [Dssm., LO 351–55=LAE 423ff=SIG 1181, 2] τὸν θεὸν τὸν κύριον τῶν πνευμάτων; PGM 5, 467 θεὸς θεῶν, ὁ κύριος τῶν πν.; sim. the magic pap PWarr 21, 24; 26 [III A.D.]); the πατὴρ τῶν πνευμάτων Hb 12:9. Intermediary beings (in polytheistic terminology: δαίμονες) that serve God are called λειτουργικὰ πνεύματα Hb 1:14. In Rv we read of the ἑπτὰ πνεύματα (τοῦ θεοῦ) 1:4; 3:1; 4:5; 5:6; s. ASkrinjar, Biblica 16, ’35, 1–24; 113–40.— Ghost Lk 24:37, 39.
    ⓒ evil spirits (PGM 13, 798; 36, 160; TestJob 27, 2; ApcSed [both Satan]; AscIs 3:28; Just., D. 39, 6 al.; Ath. 25, 3), esp. in accounts of healing in the Synoptics: (τὸ) πνεῦμα (τὸ) ἀκάθαρτον (Just., D. 82, 3) Mt 12:43; Mk 1:23, 26; 3:30; 5:2, 8; 7:25; 9:25a; Lk 8:29; 9:42; 11:24; Rv 18:2. Pl. (TestBenj 5:2) Mt 10:1; Mk 1:27; 3:11; 5:13; 6:7; Lk 4:36; 6:18; Ac 5:16; 8:7; Rv 16:13; ending of Mk in the Freer ms.—τὸ πν. τὸ πονηρόν Ac 19:15f. Pl. (En 99:7; TestSim 4:9; 6:6, TestJud 16:1; Just., D. 76, 6) Lk 7:21; 8:2; Ac 19:12f.—πν. ἄλαλον Mk 9:17; cp. vs. 25b (s. ἄλαλος). πν. πύθων Ac 16:16 (s. πύθων). πν. ἀσθενείας Lk 13:11. Cp. 1 Ti 4:1b. πνεῦμα δαιμονίου ἀκαθάρτου (s. δαιμόνιον 2) Lk 4:33. πνεύματα δαιμονίων Rv 16:14 (in effect = personified ‘exhalations’ of evil powers; for the combination of πν. and δαιμ. cp. the love spell Sb 4324, 16f τὰ πνεύματα τῶν δαιμόνων τούτων).—Abs. of a harmful spirit Mk 9:20; Lk 9:39; Ac 16:18. Pl. Mt 8:16; 12:45; Lk 10:20; 11:26.—1 Pt 3:19 (s. 2 above) belongs here if the πνεύματα refer to hostile spirit-powers, evil spirits, fallen angels (so FSpitta, Christi Predigt an die Geister 1890; HGunkel, Zum religionsgesch. Verständnis des NT 1903, 72f; WBousset, ZNW 19, 1920, 50–66; Rtzst., Herr der Grösse 1919, 25ff; Knopf, Windisch, FHauck ad loc.; BReicke, The Disobedient Spirits and Christian Baptism ’46, esp. 54–56, 69).—Hermas also has the concept of evil spirits that lead an independent existence, and live and reign within the inner life of a pers.; the Holy Spirit, who also lives or would like to live there, is forced out by them (cp. TestDan 4) Hm 5, 1, 2–4; 5, 2, 5–8; 10, 1, 2. τὸ πν. τὸ ἅγιον … ἕτερον πονηρὸν πν. 5, 1, 2. These πνεύματα are ὀξυχολία 5, 1, 3; 5, 2, 8 (τὸ πονηρότατον πν.); 10, 1, 2; διψυχία 9:11 (ἐπίγειον πν. ἐστι παρὰ τοῦ διαβόλου); 10, 1, 2; λύπη 10, 1, 2 (πάντων τῶν πνευμάτων πονηροτέρα) and other vices. On the complicated pneuma-concept of the Mandates of Hermas s. MDibelius, Hdb. exc. on Hm 5, 2, 7; cp. Leutzsch, Hermas 453f n. 133.
    ⑤ God’s being as controlling influence, with focus on association with humans, Spirit, spirit as that which differentiates God fr. everything that is not God, as the divine power that produces all divine existence, as the divine element in which all divine life is carried on, as the bearer of every application of the divine will. All those who belong to God possess or receive this spirit and hence have a share in God’s life. This spirit also serves to distinguish Christians fr. all unbelievers (cp. PGM 4, 1121ff, where the spirit is greeted as one who enters devotees and, in accordance w. God’s will, separates them fr. themselves, i.e. fr. the purely human part of their nature); for this latter aspect s. esp. 6 below.
    ⓐ the Spirit of God, of the Lord (=God) etc. (LXX; TestSim 4:4; JosAs 8:11; ApcSed 14:6; 15:6; ApcMos 43; SibOr 3, 701; Ps.-Phoc. 106; Philo; Joseph. [s. c below]; apolog. Cp. Plut., Numa 4, 6 πνεῦμα θεοῦ, capable of begetting children; s. παρθένος a) τὸ πν. τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Cor 2:11b, 14; 3:16; 6:11; 1J 4:2a (Just., D. 49, 3; Tat. 13, 3; Ath. 22, 3). τὸ τοῦ θεοῦ πν. 1 Pt 4:14 (Just., A I, 60, 6). τὸ πν. τὸ ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Cor 2:12b. τὸ πν. κυρίου Ac 5:9; B 6:14; B 9:2 (cp. Mel., P. 32, 222). τὸ πνεῦμά μου or αὐτοῦ: Mt 12:18 (Is 42:1); Ac 2:17f (Jo 3:1f.—Cp. 1QS 4:21); 1 Cor 2:10a v.l.; Eph 3:16; 1 Th 4:8 (where τὸ ἅγιον is added); 1J 4:13.—τὸ πν. τοῦ πατρὸς ὑμῶν Mt 10:20. τὸ πν. τοῦ ἐγείραντος τὸν Ἰησοῦν Ro 8:11a.—Without the art. πν. θεοῦ (JosAs 4:9; Tat. 15:3; Theoph. Ant. 1, 5 [p. 66, 18]) the Spirit of God Mt 3:16; 12:28; Ro 8:9b, 14, 19; 1 Cor 7:40; 12:3a; 2 Cor 3:3 (πν. θεοῦ ζῶντος); Phil 3:3. πν. κυρίου Lk 4:18 (Is 61:1); Ac 8:39 (like J 3:8; 20:22; Ac 2:4, this pass. belongs on the borderline betw. the mngs. ‘wind’ and ‘spirit’; cp. Diod S 3, 60, 3 Ἕσπερον ἐξαίφνης ὑπὸ πνευμάτων συναρπαγέντα μεγάλων ἄφαντον γενέσθαι ‘Hesperus [a son of Atlas] was suddenly snatched by strong winds and vanished fr. sight’. S. HLeisegang, Der Hl. Geist I 1, 1919, 19ff; OCullmann, TZ. 4, ’48, 364); 1 Cl 21:2.
    ⓑ the Spirit of Christ, of the Lord (=Christ) etc. τὸ πν. Ἰησοῦ Ac 16:7. τὸ πν. Χριστοῦ AcPlCor 2:32. τὸ ἐν αὐτοῖς πν. Χριστοῦ 1 Pt 1:11. πν. Χριστοῦ Ro 8:9c. πν. τοῦ Χριστοῦ AcPl Ha 8, 18. ἀπὸ τοῦ πν. τοῦ χριστοῦ AcPlCor 2:10. τὸ πν. Ἰης. Χριστοῦ Phil 1:19. τὸ πν. κυρίου 2 Cor 3:17b (JHermann, Kyrios und Pneuma, ’61). τὸ πν. τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ (=θεοῦ) Gal 4:6. As possessor of the divine Spirit, and at the same time controlling its distribution among humans, Christ is called κύριος πνεύματος Lord of the Spirit 2 Cor 3:18 (s. Windisch ad loc.); but many prefer to transl. from the Lord who is the Spirit.—CMoule, OCullmann Festschr., ’72, 231–37.
    ⓒ Because of its heavenly origin and nature this Spirit is called (the) Holy Spirit (cp. PGM 4, 510 ἵνα πνεύσῃ ἐν ἐμοὶ τὸ ἱερὸν πνεῦμα.—Neither Philo nor Josephus called the Spirit πν. ἅγιον; the former used θεῖον or θεοῦ πν., the latter πν. θεῖον: Ant. 4, 118; 8, 408; 10, 239; but ἅγιον πνεῦμα Orig. C. Cels 1, 40, 16).
    α. w. the art. τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον (Is 63:10f; Ps 50:13; 142:10 v.l.; cp. Sus 45 Theod.; TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 10 [Stone p. 10]; JosAs 8:11 [codd. ADE]; AscIs 3, 15, 26; Just., D. 36, 6 al.) Mt 12:32 = Mk 3:29 = Lk 12:10 (τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα; on the ‘sin against the Holy Spirit’ s. HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion 1922, 96–112; AFridrichsen, Le péché contre le Saint-Esprit: RHPR 3, 1923, 367–72). Mk 12:36; 13:11; Lk 2:26; 3:22; 10:21; J 14:26; Ac 1:16; 2:33; 5:3, 32; 7:51; 8:18 v.l.; 10:44, 47; 11:15; 13:2; 15:8, 28; 19:6; 20:23, 28; 21:11; 28:25; Eph 1:13 (τὸ πν. τῆς ἐπαγγελίας τὸ ἅγιον); 4:30 (τὸ πν. τὸ ἅγιον τοῦ θεοῦ); Hb 3:7; 9:8; 10:15; 1 Cl 13:1; 16:2; 18:11 (Ps 50:13); 22:1; IEph 9:1; Hs 5, 5, 2; 5, 6, 5–7 (on the relationship of the Holy Spirit to the Son in Hermas s. ALink, Christi Person u. Werk im Hirten des Hermas 1886; JvWalter, ZNW 14, 1913, 133–44; MDibelius, Hdb. exc. following Hs 5, 6, 8 p. 572–76).—τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα (Wsd 9:17; OdeSol 11:2; TestJob 51:2; ApcEsdr 7:16; Just. D. 25, 1 al.) Mt 28:19; Lk 12:10 (s. above), 12; Ac 1:8; 2:38 (epexegetic gen.); 4:31; 9:31; 10:45; 13:4; 16:6; 1 Cor 6:19; 2 Cor 13:13; 1J 5:7 v.l. (on the Comma Johanneum s. λόγο 3); GJs 24:4 (s. χρηματίζω 1bα). As the mother of Jesus GHb 20, 61 (HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion 1922, 64ff; SHirsch, D. Vorstellg. v. e. weibl. πνεῦμα ἅγ. im NT u. in d. ältesten christl. Lit. 1927. Also WBousset, Hauptprobleme der Gnosis 1907, 9ff).
    β. without the art. (s. B-D-F §257, 2; Rob. 761; 795) πνεῦμα ἅγιον (PGM 3, 289; Da 5:12 LXX; PsSol 17:37; AssMos Fgm. b; Just., D. 4, 1 al.; Ath. 24, 1. S. also Da Theod. 4:8, 9, 18 θεοῦ πνεῦμα ἅγιον or πνεῦμα θεοῦ ἅγιον) Mk 1:8; Lk 1:15, 35, 41, 67; 2:25; 4:1; 11:13; J 20:22 (Cassien, La pentecôte johannique [J 20:19–23] ’39.—See also 1QS 4:20f); Ac 2:4a; 4:8; 7:55; 8:15, 17, 19; 9:17; 10:38; 11:24; 13:9; 19:2ab; Hb 2:4; 6:4; 1 Pt 1:12 v.l.; 1 Cl 2:2; AcPl 6:18; 9:4 (restored after Aa I 110, 11); AcPlCor 2:5.—So oft. in combination w. a prep.: διὰ πνεύματος ἁγίου Ac 1:2; 4:25; Ro 5:5; 2 Ti 1:14; 1 Cl 8:1 (cp. διὰ πν. αἰωνίου Hb 9:14). διὰ φωνῆς πν. ἁγίου AcPl Ha 11, 6. ἐκ πνεύματος ἁγίου (Eus., PE 3, 12, 3 of the Egyptians: ἐκ τ. πνεύματος οἴονται συλλαμβάνειν τὸν γῦπα. Here πνεῦμα= ‘wind’; s. Horapollo 1, 11 p. 14f. The same of other birds since Aristot.—On the neut. πνεῦμα as a masc. principle cp. Aristoxenus, Fgm. 13 of the two original principles: πατέρα μὲν φῶς, μητέρα δὲ σκότος) Mt 1:18, 20; IEph 18:2; GJs 14:2; 19:1 (pap). ἐν πνεύματι ἁγίῳ (PsSol 17:37; ApcZeph; Ar. 15, 1) Mt 3:11; Mk 1:8 v.l.; Lk 3:16; J 1:33b; Ac 1:5 (cp. 1QS 3:7f); 11:16; Ro 9:1; 14:17; 15:16; 1 Cor 12:3b; 2 Cor 6:6; 1 Th 1:5; 1 Pt 1:12 (without ἐν v.l.); Jd 20. ὑπὸ πνεύματος ἁγίου 2 Pt 1:21. Cp. ἐν δυνάμει πνεύματος ἁγίου Ro 15:13, 19 v.l. (for πνεύματος θεοῦ). μετὰ χαρᾶς πνεύματος ἁγίου 1 Th 1:6. διὰ ἀνακαινώσεως πνεύματος ἁγίου Tit 3:5.
    ⓓ abs.
    α. w. the art. τὸ πνεῦμα. In this connection the art. is perh. used anaphorically at times, w. the second mention of a word (s. B-D-F §252; Rob. 762); perh. Mt 12:31 (looking back to vs. 28 πν. θεοῦ); Mk 1:10, 12 (cp. vs. 8 πν. ἅγιον); Lk 4:1b, 14 (cp. vs. 1a); Ac 2:4b (cp. vs. 4a).—As a rule it is not possible to assume that anaphora is present: Mt 4:1; J 1:32, 33a; 3:6a, 8b (in wordplay), 34; 7:39a; Ac 8:29; 10:19; 11:12, 28; 19:1 D; 20:3 D, 22; 21:4; Ro 8:23 (ἀπαρχή 1bβ; 2), 26a, 27; 12:11; 15:30; 2 Cor 1:22 and 5:5 (KErlemann, ZNW 83, ’92, 202–23, and s. ἀρραβών); 12:18 (τῷ αὐτῷ πν.); Gal 3:2, 5, 14 (ἐπαγγελία 1bβ); Eph 4:3 (gen. of the author); 6:17 (perh. epexegetic gen.); 1 Ti 4:1a; Js 4:5; 1J 3:24; 5:6ab (some mss. add καὶ πνεύματος to the words διʼ ὕδατος κ. αἵματος at the beg. of the verse; this is approved by HvSoden, Moffatt, Vogels, Merk, and w. reservations by CDodd, The Joh. Epistles ’46, TManson, JTS 48, ’47, 25–33), vs. 8; Rv 2:7, 11, 17, 29; 3:6, 13, 22; 14:13; 22:17; B 19:2, B 7= D 4:10 (s. ἐτοιμάζω b). ἐν τῷ πνεύματι (led) by the Spirit Lk 2:27.—Paul links this Spirit of God, known to every Christian, with Christ as liberating agent in contrast to legal constraint ὁ κύριος τὸ πνεῦμα ἐστιν the Lord means Spirit 2 Cor 3:17a (UHolzmeister, 2 Cor 3:17 Dominus autem Spiritus est 1908; JNisius, Zur Erklärung v. 2 Cor 3:16ff: ZKT 40, 1916, 617–75; JKögel, Ὁ κύριος τὸ πνεῦμά ἐστιν: ASchlatter Festschr. 1922, 35–46; C Guignebert, Congr. d’Hist. du Christ. II 1928, 7–22; EFuchs, Christus u. d. Geist b. Pls ’32; HHughes, ET 45, ’34, 235f; CLattey, Verb. Dom. 20, ’40, 187–89; DGriffiths ET 55, ’43, 81–83; HIngo, Kyrios und Pneuma, ’61 [Paul]; JDunn, JTS 21, ’70, 309–20).
    β. without the art. πνεῦμα B 1:3. κοινωνία πνεύματος Phil 2:1 (κοινωνία 1 and 2). πνεύματι in the Spirit or through the Spirit Gal 3:3; 5:5, 16, 18; 1 Pt 4:6. εἰ ζῶμεν πνεύματι, πνεύματι καὶ στοιχῶμεν if we live by the Spirit, let us also walk by the Spirit Gal 5:25. Freq. used w. a prep.: διὰ πνεύματος 1 Pt 1:22 v.l. ἐξ (ὕδατος καὶ) πνεύματος J 3:5. ἐν πνεύματι in, by, through the Spirit Mt 22:43; Eph 2:22; 3:5; 5:18; 6:18; Col 1:8 (ἀγάπη ἐν πνεύματι love called forth by the Spirit); B 9:7. κατὰ πνεῦμα Ro 8:4f; Gal 4:29. ἐν ἁγιασμῷ πνεύματος 2 Th 2:13; 1 Pt 1:2 (s. ἁγιασμός).—In neg. expressions: οὔπω ἧν πνεῦμα the Spirit had not yet come J 7:39b. ψυχικοὶ πνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες worldly people, who do not have the Spirit Jd 19.—ἓν πνεῦμα one and the same Spirit 1 Cor 12:13; Eph 2:18; 4:4; one (in) Spirit 1 Cor 6:17.
    ⓔ The Spirit is more closely defined by a gen. of thing: τὸ πν. τῆς ἀληθείας (TestJud 20:5) J 14:17; 15:26; 16:13 (in these three places the Spirit of Truth is the Paraclete promised by Jesus upon his departure); 1J 4:6 (opp. τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς πλάνης, as TestJud 20:1; PsSol 8:14 πλ. πλανήσεως; Just., D. 7, 3 πλάνου καὶ ἀκαθάρτου πνεύματος; cp. 1QS 4:23); τὸ τῆς δόξης πν. 1 Pt 4:14. τὸ πν. τῆς ζωῆς the Spirit of life Ro 8:2. το πν. τῆς πίστεως 2 Cor 4:13. πν. σοφίας καὶ ἀποκαλύψεως Eph 1:17 (cp. Just., D. 87, 4). πν. υἱοθεσίας Ro 8:15b (opp. πν. δουλείας vs. 15a). πν. δυνάμεως AcPl Ha 8, 25. πν. δυνάμεως καὶ ἀγάπης καὶ σωφρονισμοῦ 2 Ti 1:7 (opp. πν. δειλίας). τὸ πν. τῆς χάριτος (s. TestJud 24:2) Hb 10:29 (Zech 12:10); cp. 1 Cl 46:6.
    ⓕ Of Christ ‘it is written’ in Scripture: (ἐγένετο) ὁ ἔσχατος Ἀδὰμ εἰς πνεῦμα ζῳοποιοῦν 1 Cor 15:45. The scripture pass. upon which the first part of this verse is based is Gen 2:7, where Wsd 15:11 also substitutes the words πνεῦμα ζωτικόν for πνοὴν ζωῆς (cp. Just., D. 6, 2). On the other hand, s. Philo, Leg. All. 1, 42 and s. the lit. s.v. Ἀδάμ ad loc.
    ⓖ The (divine) Pneuma stands in contrast to everything that characterizes this age or the finite world gener.: οὐ τὸ πν. τοῦ κόσμου ἀλλὰ τὸ πν. τὸ ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Cor 2:12; cp. Eph 2:2 and 1 Ti 4:1ab.
    α. in contrast to σάρξ, which is more closely connected w. sin than any other earthly material (Just., D. 135, 6): J 3:6; Ro 8:4–6, 9a, 13; Gal 3:3; 5:17ab; 6:8. Cp. B 10:9. πᾶσα ἐπιθυμία κατὰ τοῦ πνεύματος στρατεύεται Pol 5:3.
    β. in contrast to σῶμα (=σάρξ) Ro 8:10 and to σάρξ (=σῶμα, as many hold) J 6:63a (for τὸ πν. ἐστιν τὸ ζῳοποιοῦν cp. Philo, Op. Mund. 30; Herm. Wr. in Cyrill., C. Jul. I 556c=542, 24 Sc. the pneuma τὰ πάντα ζῳοποιεῖ καὶ τρέφει. S. also f above). Cp. Ro 8:11b.
    γ. in contrast to γράμμα, which is the characteristic quality of God’s older declaration of the divine will in the law: Ro 2:29; 7:6; 2 Cor 3:6ab, 8 (cp. vs. 7).
    δ. in contrast to the wisdom of humans 1 Cor 2:13.
    ⑥ the Spirit of God as exhibited in the character or activity of God’s people or selected agents, Spirit, spirit (s. HPreisker, Geist u. Leben ’33).
    ⓐ πνεῦμα is accompanied by another noun, which characterizes the working of the Spirit more definitely: πνεῦμα καὶ δύναμις spirit and power Lk 1:17; 1 Cor 2:4. Cp. Ac 10:38; 1 Th 1:5. πνεῦμα καὶ ζωή J 6:63b. πνεῦμα κ. σοφία Ac 6:3; cp. vs. 10 (cp. TestReub 2:6 πνεῦμα λαλίας). πίστις κ. πνεῦμα ἅγιον 6:5 (cp. Just., D. 135, 6). χαρὰ καὶ πνεῦμα ἅγ. 13:52.
    ⓑ Unless frustrated by humans in their natural condition, the Spirit of God produces a spiritual type of conduct Gal 5:16, 25 and produces the καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος vs. 22 (s. Vögtle under πλεονεξία).
    ⓒ The Spirit inspires certain people of God B 12:2; B 13:5, above all, in their capacity as proclaimers of a divine revelation (Strabo 9, 3, 5 the πνεῦμα ἐνθουσιαστικόν, that inspired the Pythia; Περὶ ὕψους 13, 2; 33, 5 of the divine πν. that impels prophets and poets to express themselves; schol. on Pla. 856e of a μάντις: ἄνωθεν λαμβάνειν τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ πληροῦσθαι τοῦ θεοῦ; Aristobulus in Eus., PE 8, 10, 4 [=Fgm. 2, 4 p. 136 Holladay] τὸ θεῖον πν., καθʼ ὸ̔ καὶ προφήτης ἀνακεκήρυκται ‘[Moses possessed] the Divine Spirit with the result that he was proclaimed a prophet’; AscIs 1:7 τὸ πν. τὸ λαλοῦν ἐν ἐμοί; AssMos Fgm. f εἶδεν πνεύματι ἐπαρθείς; Just., A I, 38, 1 al.; Ath. 10, 3 τὸ προφητικὸν πν. Cp. Marinus, Vi. Procli 23 of Proclus: οὐ γὰρ ἄνευ θείας ἐπινοίας … διαλέγεσθαι; Orig., C. Cels. 3, 28, 23). προφητεία came into being only as ὑπὸ πνεύματος ἁγίου φερόμενοι ἐλάλησαν ἀπὸ θεοῦ ἄνθρωποι 2 Pt 1:21; cp. Ac 15:29 v.l.; cp. 1 Cl 8:1. David Mt 22:43; Mk 12:36; cp. Ac 1:16; 4:25. Isaiah Ac 28:25. Moses B 10:2, B 9; the Spirit was also active in giving the tables of the law to Moses 14:2. Christ himself spoke in the OT διὰ τοῦ πνεύματος τοῦ ἁγίου 1 Cl 22:1. The ἱεραὶ γραφαί are called αἱ διὰ τοῦ πν. τοῦ ἁγίου 45:2.—The Christian prophet Agabus also ἐσήμαινεν διὰ τοῦ πν. Ac 11:28; cp. Ac 21:11. Likew. Ign. IPhld 7:2. In general the Spirit reveals the most profound secrets to those who believe 1 Cor 2:10ab.—1 Cl claims to be written διὰ τοῦ ἁγ. πν. 63:2. On Ac 19:21 s. 3b.
    ⓓ The Spirit of God, being one, shows the variety and richness of its life in the different kinds of spiritual gifts which are granted to certain Christians 1 Cor 12:4, 7, 11; cp. vs. 13ab.—Vss. 8–10 enumerate the individual gifts of the Spirit, using various prepositions: διὰ τοὺ πν. vs. 8a; κατὰ τὸ πν. vs. 8b; ἐν τῷ πν. vs. 9ab. τὸ πν. μὴ σβέννυτε do not quench the Spirit 1 Th 5:19 refers to the gift of prophecy, acc. to vs. 20.—The use of the pl. πνεύματα is explained in 1 Cor 14:12 by the varied nature of the Spirit’s working; in vs. 32 by the number of persons who possess the prophetic spirit; on the latter s. Rv 22:6 and 19:10.
    ⓔ One special type of spiritual gift is represented by ecstatic speaking. Of those who ‘speak in tongues’ that no earthly person can understand: πνεύματι λαλεῖ μυστήρια expresses secret things in a spiritual way 1 Cor 14:2. Cp. vss. 14–16 and s. νοῦς 1b. τὸ πνεῦμα ὑπερεντυγχάνει στεναγμοῖς ἀλαλήτοις the Spirit pleads in our behalf with groans beyond words Ro 8:26b. Of speech that is ecstatic, but expressed in words that can be understood λαλεῖν ἐν πνεύματι D 11:7, 8; cp. vs. 9 (on the subject-matter 1 Cor 12:3; Jos., Ant. 4, 118f; TestJob 43:2 ἀναλαβὼν Ἐλιφᾶς πν. εἶπεν ὕμνον). Of the state of mind of the seer of the Apocalypse: ἐν πνεύματι Rv 17:3; 21:10; γενέσθαι ἐν πν. 1:10; 4:2 (s. γίνομαι 5c, ἐν 4c and EMoering, StKr 92, 1920, 148–54; RJeske, NTS 31, ’85, 452–66); AcPl Ha 6, 27. On the Spirit at Pentecost Ac 2:4 s. KLake: Beginn. I 5, ’33, 111–21. κατασταλέντος τοῦ πν. τοῦ ἐν Μύρτῃ when the Spirit (of prophecy) that was in Myrta ceased speaking AcPl Ha 7, 9.
    ⓕ The Spirit leads and directs Christian missionaries in their journeys (Aelian, NA 11, 16 the young women are led blindfolded to the cave of the holy serpent; they are guided by a πνεῦμα θεῖον) Ac 16:6, 7 (by dreams, among other methods; cp. vs. 9f and s. Marinus, Vi. Procli 27: Proclus ἔφασκεν προθυμηθῆναι μὲν πολλάκις γράψαι, κωλυθῆναι δὲ ἐναργῶς ἔκ τινων ἐνυπνίων). In Ac 16:6–7 τὸ ἅγιον πν. and τὸ πν. Ἰησοῦ are distinguished.
    ⑦ an activating spirit that is not fr. God, spirit: πν. ἔτερον a different (kind of) spirit 2 Cor 11:4. Cp. 2 Th 2:2; 1J 4:1–3. Because there are persons activated by such spirits, it is necessary to test the var. kinds of spirits (the same problem Artem. 3, 20 περὶ διαφορᾶς μάντεων, οἷς δεῖ προσέχειν καὶ οἷς μή) 1 Cor 12:10; 1J 4:1b. ὁ διάβολος πληροῖ αὐτὸν αὐτοῦ πν. Hm 11:3. Also οὐκ οἴδατε ποίου πνεύματός ἐστε Lk 9:55 v.l. distinguishes betw. the spirit shown by Jesus’ disciples, and another kind of spirit.—Even more rarely a spirit divinely given that is not God’s own; so (in a quot. fr. Is 29:10) a πνεῦμα κατανύξεως Ro 11:8.
    ⑧ an independent transcendent personality, the Spirit, which appears in formulas that became more and more fixed and distinct (cp. Ath. 12, 2; Hippol., Ref. 7, 26, 2.—Ps.-Lucian, Philopatr. 12 θεόν, υἱόν πατρός, πνεῦμα ἐκ πατρὸς ἐκπορευόμενον ἓν ἐκ τριῶν καὶ ἐξ ἑνὸς τρία, ταῦτα νόμιζε Ζῆνα, τόνδʼ ἡγοῦ θεόν=‘God, son of the father, spirit proceeding from the father, one from three and three from one, consider these as Zeus, think of this one as God’. The entire context bears a Christian impress.—As Aion in gnostic speculation Iren. 1, 2, 5 [Harv. I 21, 2]): βαπτίζοντες αὐτοὺς εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ υἱοῦ καὶ τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος Mt 28:19 (on the text s. βαπτίζω 2c; on the subject-matter GWalther, Die Entstehung des Taufsymbols aus dem Taufritus: StKr 95, 1924, 256ff); D 7:1, 3. Cp. 2 Cor 13:13; 1 Cl 58:2; IEph 9:1; IMg 13:1b, 2; MPol 14:3; 22:1, 3; Epil Mosq 5. On this s. HUsener, Dreiheit: RhM 58, 1903, 1ff; 161ff; 321ff; esp. 36ff; EvDobschütz, Zwei-u. dreigliedrige Formeln: JBL 50, ’31, 116–47 (also Heinrici Festschr. 1914, 92–100); Norden, Agn. Th. 228ff; JMainz, Die Bed. der Dreizahl im Judentum 1922; Clemen2 125–28; NSöderblom, Vater, Sohn u. Geist 1909; DNielsen, Der dreieinige Gott I 1922; GKrüger, Das Dogma v. der Dreieinigkeit 1905, 46ff; AHarnack, Entstehung u. Entwicklung der Kirchenverfassung 1910, 187ff; JHaussleiter, Trinitarischer Glaube u. Christusbekenntnis in der alten Kirche: BFCT XXV 4, 1920; JLebreton, Histoire du dogme de la Trinité I: Les origines6 1927; RBlümel, Pls u. d. dreieinige Gott 1929.—On the whole word FRüsche, D. Seelenpneuma ’33; HLeisegang, Der Hl. Geist I 1, 1919; EBurton, ICC Gal 1921, 486–95; PVolz, Der Geist Gottes u. d. verwandten Erscheinungen im AT 1910; JHehn, Zum Problem des Geistes im alten Orient u. im AT: ZAW n.s. 2, 1925, 210–25; SLinder, Studier till Gamla Testamentets föreställningar om anden 1926; AMarmorstein, Der Hl. Geist in der rabb. Legende: ARW 28, 1930, 286–303; NSnaith, The Distinctive Ideas of the OT ’46, 229–37; FDillistone, Bibl. Doctrine of the Holy Spirit: Theology Today 3, ’46/47, 486–97; TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 341–46; ESchweizer, CDodd Festschr., ’56, 482–508; DLys, Rûach, Le Souffle dans l’AT, ’62; DHill, Gk. Words and Hebr. Mngs. ’67, 202–93.—HGunkel, Die Wirkungen des Hl. Geistes2 1899; HWeinel, Die Wirkungen des Geistes u. der Geister im nachap. Zeitalter 1899; EWinstanley, The Spirit in the NT 1908; HSwete, The Holy Spirit in the NT 1909, The Holy Spirit in the Ancient Church 1912; EScott, The Spirit in the NT 1923; FBüchsel, Der Geist Gottes im NT 1926; EvDobschütz, Der Geistbesitz des Christen im Urchristentum: Monatsschr. für Pastoral-theol. 20, 1924, 228ff; FBadcock, ‘The Spirit’ and Spirit in the NT: ET 45, ’34, 218–21; RBultmann, Theologie des NT ’48, 151–62 (Eng. tr. KGrobel, ’51, I 153–64); ESchweizer, Geist u. Gemeinde im NT ’52, Int 6, ’52, 259–78.—WTosetti, Der Hl. Geist als göttliche Pers. in den Evangelien 1918; HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion. Der Ursprung des Geistbegriffs der Syn. Ev. aus der griech. Mystik 1922; AFrövig, Das Sendungsbewusstsein Jesu u. der Geist 1924; HWindisch, Jes. u. d. Geist nach Syn. Überl.: Studies in Early Christianity, presented to FCPorter and BWBacon 1928, 209–36; FSynge, The Holy Spirit in the Gospels and Acts: CQR 120, ’35, 205–17; CBarrett, The Holy Spirit and the Gospel Trad. ’47.—ESokolowski, Die Begriffe Geist u. Leben bei Pls 1903; KDeissner, Auferstehungshoffnung u. Pneumagedanke bei Pls 1912; GVos, The Eschatological Aspect of the Pauline Conception of the Spirit: Bibl. and Theol. Studies by the Faculty of Princeton Theol. Sem. 1912, 209–59; HBertrams, Das Wesen des Geistes nach d. Anschauung des Ap. Pls 1913; WReinhard, Das Wirken des Hl. Geistes im Menschen nach den Briefen des Ap. Pls 1918; HHoyle, The Holy Spirit in St. Paul 1928; PGächter, Z. Pneumabegriff des hl. Pls: ZKT 53, 1929, 345–408; ASchweitzer, D. Mystik des Ap. Pls 1930, 159–74 al. [Mysticism of Paul the Apostle, tr. WMontgomery ’31, 160–76 al.]; E-BAllo, RB 43, ’34, 321–46 [1 Cor]; Ltzm., Hdb. exc. after Ro 8:11; Synge [s. above], CQR 119, ’35, 79–93 [Pauline epp.]; NWaaning, Onderzoek naar het gebruik van πνεῦμα bij Pls, diss. Amsterd. ’39; RJewett, Paul’s Anthropological Terms, ’71, 167–200.—HvBaer, Der Hl. Geist in den Lukasschriften 1926; MGoguel, La Notion joh. de l’Esprit 1902; JSimpson, The Holy Spirit in the Fourth Gospel: Exp., 9th ser., 4, 1925, 292–99; HWindisch, Jes. u. d. Geist im J.: Amicitiae Corolla (RHarris Festschr.) ’33, 303–18; WLofthouse, The Holy Spirit in Ac and J: ET 52, ’40/41, 334–36; CBarrett, The Holy Spirit in the Fourth Gospel: JTS 1 n.s., ’50, 1–15; FCrump, Pneuma in the Gospels, diss. Catholic Univ. of America, ’54; GLampe, Studies in the Gospels (RHLightfoot memorial vol.) ’55, 159–200; NHamilton, The Holy Spirit and Eschatology in Paul, ’57; WDavies, Paul and the Dead Sea Scrolls, Flesh and Spirit: The Scrolls and the NT, ed. KStendahl, ’57, 157–82.—GJohnston, ‘Spirit’ and ‘Holy Spirit’ in the Qumran Lit.: NT Sidelights (ACPurdy Festschr.) ’60, 27–42; JPryke, ‘Spirit’ and ‘Flesh’ in Qumran and NT, RevQ 5, ’65, 346–60; HBraun, Qumran und d. NT II, ’66, 150–64; DHill, Greek Words and Hebrew Meanings, ’67, 202–93; WBieder, Pneumatolog. Aspekte im Hb, OCullmann Festschr. ’72, 251–59; KEasley, The Pauline Usage of πνεύματι as a Reference to the Spirit of God: JETS 27, ’84, 299–313 (statistics).—B. 260; 1087. Pauly-W. XIV 387–412. BHHW I 534–37. Schmidt, Syn. II 218–50. New Docs 4, 38f. DELG s.v. πνέω. M-M. Dict. de la Bible XI 126–398. EDNT. TW. Sv.

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